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a A 35°E B 40°E C Theodosiopolis 45°E D 35°N b 30°N c SCALE 0 100 200 300 0 S Y R I A Callinicum Palmyra Amida Edessa Carrhae Euphrates Land over 1000 metres 400 400 km 100 200 300 miles L. Van Van ARMENIA Dara KURDISTAN Nisibis M E S O P O T A M I A Perozshapur Tigris L. Urmia Canzak ADHARBAIJAN Diyala Zagros Gates Ctesiphon Veh Ardashir Hira The ASHURESTAN Sawad MEDIA (MAH) KHUZISTAN Susa MESHAN Daylam Iranian Plateau Zagros Mts Map 18 Sasanid Iran P E R S I A N G U L F Rayy Persepolis Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Karun CASPIAN Elburz Mts B 40°E C 45°E D 50°E 50°E E 55°E F 60°E SEA GURGAN Khorasan Great Kavir Salt Desert E PARTHIA Istakhr FARS 55°E TURKESTAN Dasht-i Lut G TRANSOXIANA F 60°E G a 35°N b 30°N c
omans and sasanids 641 Ctesiphon in 226. Military success, and in particular conflict with Rome, was an important mechanism for demonstrating the legitimacy of the new regime. The initial thrusts of the two first Sasanid monarchs, Ardashir I (224–40) and Shapur I (240–70), against the Roman east turned out, in the long run, to be little more than a series of wars of plunder: the Romans were defeated three times in the field, with the emperor Valerian being captured at Edessa in 260; the great cities of Nisibis, Carrhae and Antioch were sacked; and ravaging extended into Cappadocia and Cilicia as well as Syria – but there were no permanent gains. 4 Under their immediate successors, aggressive initiative seems to have passed momentarily to the Romans. The conflicts between the two empires at that time brought to the foreground the problem of Armenia, which was to be a major bone of contention for most of the following century. The attempt of king Narseh (293–302) to regain the upper hand ended in humiliating defeat by the Romans in 297, followed by a no less humiliating treaty. The tide was partly reversed during the long reign of Shapur II (309–79). The wars fought between the two powers at the time were largely over contested frontier lands – first and foremost Armenia and northern Mesopotamia. Stability began to emerge after Julian’s invasion in 363 permitted the Persians to regain Nisibis and other territories in upper Mesopotamia, and this was reinforced by the treaty between Shapur III (383–8) and Theodosius I in 384, which arranged the division of Armenia. 5 This ushered in a long period of relative quiet in the relations between the eastern Roman empire and Persia, apart from two brief conflicts, in 421–2 and 440–1. On the first occasion, the dispute was caused by the Roman reception of Christian fugitives, especially from the Arab tribes allied to Persia: Yazdgard I (399–421) had been favourably disposed towards Christians and other minority religious groups within his kingdom, but energetic Christian missionary activity seems eventually to have forced him to permit persecution; an Arab chief, Aspabad, was instructed to prevent the flight of Christian converts to the Romans, but he in fact joined the exodus, converted and, now renamed Peter, became bishop for the wandering tribal groups in the desert. 6 Persian demands for subsidies towards the cost of defending the Caspian passes (the so-called Gates) caused the second conflict, when Yazdgard II (438–57) attempted to exploit Theodosius’ concern over the Vandal capture of Carthage. On each occasion Roman armies checked Persian attacks and peace was rapidly restored, with renewed treaties that contained clauses to regulate the alleged origins of the war. 7 A plausible explanation for the change from persistent warfare in the third and fourth century to peaceful relations in the fifth is provided by the 4 Sources in Dodgeon and Lieu (1991) 9–67. 5 Rubin (1986); Frye in Yar-Shater (1983) 153–70; Blockley (1992) 39–45; Whitby, Maurice 197–218. 6 Cyril of Scythopolis, Life of Euthymius 10, on which see Rubin (1986) 679–81 and Blockley (1992) 199 n. 28. 7 Blockley (1992) 56–61; Frye (1984) 320–1. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUM
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THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUM
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CONTENTS List of maps page xiii Lis
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contents vii i East and west: commo
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contents ix ii The maintenance of o
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contents xi 25 Monasticism page 745
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MAPS 11 The Roman world of the fift
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text-figures xv 22 The walls of The
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PREFACE The decision to extend The
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preface xix identity that created t
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CHAPTER 1 THE WESTERN EMPIRE, 425-7
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SUEVES 26 27 23 VANDALS AND ALANS 2
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the era of aetius, 425,54 5 Why thi
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the era of aetius, 425,54 7 As we h
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the era of aetius, 425,54 9 are rec
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the era of aetius, 425,54 11 provin
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the era of aetius, 425,54 13 still
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the era of aetius, 425,54 15 direct
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the era of aetius, 425,54 17 a poss
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the fall of the western empire 19 i
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the fall of the western empire 21 u
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the fall of the western empire 23 a
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the fall of the western empire 25 T
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the fall of the western empire 27 n
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the fall of the western empire 29 o
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conclusion 31 loss of territory to
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CHAPTER 2 THE EASTERN EMPIRE: THEOD
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theodosius ii 35 emperor) emerged a
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theodosius ii 37 play a role of con
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theodosius ii 39 council, a respons
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theodosius ii 41 evidently broke do
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the successors of theodosius 43 Mar
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the successors of theodosius 45 Mar
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the successors of theodosius 47 rea
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the successors of theodosius 49 com
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the successors of theodosius 51 Thi
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anastasius 53 the tradition of Chry
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anastasius 55 weight in turn began
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anastasius 57 the second time after
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anastasius 59 defences in the regio
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anastasius 61 ruler whose policies
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CHAPTER 3 JUSTIN I AND JUSTINIAN av
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justinian’s early years (527,32)
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st sophia and the ‘reconquest’(
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three chapters and the fifth oecume
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three chapters and the fifth oecume
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the last decade (c. 554,65) 83 and
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the last decade (c. 554,65) 85 few
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justin ii 87 the general, might att
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justin ii 89 always have struck har
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justin ii 91 after the Gepids, who
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a b c A 35°E B 40°E C 45°E D 40
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tiberius 95 details must be untrue,
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tiberius 97 despatched in 575, but
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maurice 99 Tiberius attempted to av
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maurice 101 Maurice was faced with
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maurice 103 Antioch; Philippicus wa
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maurice 105 At Maurice’s accessio
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a 45°N Siscia SCALE 0 0 Sava DINAR
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conclusion 109 could then be summon
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conclusion 111 troops north of the
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gaul: visigothic kingdom, 416,507 1
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the burgundian kingdom, 412,534 115
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A 50°N 20°W B 10°W C 0° D 10°E
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frankish gaul, 481,596 119 his four
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spain: the suevic kingdoms, 425,584
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visigothic spain, 456,601 123 in th
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vandal africa, 429,533 125 broke th
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ostrogothic italy, 493,555 127 take
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ostrogothic italy, 493,555 129 repu
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italy: the lombards, 568,90 131 Nar
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itish isles: anglo-saxon, irish & p
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CHAPTER 6 EMPEROR AND COURT michael
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the physical context of power 137 c
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the physical context of power 139 a
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the physical context of power 141 h
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the emperor 143 The emperor’s act
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the court: the human element 145 de
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the court: the human element 147 Ta
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the court: the human element 149 Th
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the court: the human element 151 wo
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the court: the human element 153 Ta
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the court: the human element 155 a
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court and ceremony 157 distinctions
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court and ceremony 159 Though doubt
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court and culture 161 Theoderic, ev
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court and culture 163 between the t
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sources 165 i. sources The range of
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sources 167 right as praetorian pre
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sources 169 it reminds us that a ma
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the structures of government 171 hi
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the structures of government 173 th
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the structures of government 175 ea
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the structures of government 177 wo
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the structures of government 179 ch
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administration in operation 181 pre
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administration in operation 183 The
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administration in operation 185 bee
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administration in operation 187 act
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administration in operation 189 exa
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administration in operation 191 man
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administrative change 193 appointme
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administrative change 195 areas und
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administrative change 197 produce.
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administrative change 199 the taxes
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administrative change 201 become to
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from rome to byzantium 203 earned t
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from rome to byzantium 205 as had h
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CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTRATION AND POLITI
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east and west: common trends 209 th
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a 40°N b 30°N c A 10°W B 0° C 1
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the cities of the east 213 statues,
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the cities of the east 215 built up
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the cities of the east 217 whose co
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the cities of the east 219 part in
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the cities of the east 221 building
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the cities of the east 223 purchase
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the cities of the east 225 fewer of
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the cities of the east 227 their su
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administration and politics in the
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conclusion 237 and Athens, is paral
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introduction: law in the late roman
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the jurisdiction 241 magistrates, t
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sources of law and law making 243 n
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codification 245 his commissioners
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codification 247 cousin and father-
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codification 249 that in the meanti
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codification 251 the commission. Ju
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law schools 253 v. law schools Roma
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legal literature 255 did not have a
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legal literature 257 on the Epitome
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continuity, vulgarization, classici
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law in the western kingdoms 261 con
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edicts and judgements 263 within Au
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edicts and judgements 265 called, i
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edicts and judgements 267 decrees o
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lawbooks and codes 269 plaintiff’
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the evolution of frankish written l
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from north-west europe to the medit
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from north-west europe to the medit
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arbarian and roman law 283 use of t
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urgundian and gothic law 285 himsel
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urgundian and gothic law 287 claim
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troops: categories, conditions of s
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troops: categories, conditions of s
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navies 293 This massive army could
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western collapse 295 prevented the
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western collapse 297 however, showe
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western collapse 299 army: military
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the eastern army: men and resources
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eastern survival 309 bodyguards, an
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eastern survival 311 Avars, who sho
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eastern survival 313 dictated the d
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CHAPTER 12 LAND, LABOUR AND SETTLEM
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the issues and the evidence 317 yet
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the issues and the evidence 319 can
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population; settlement; demographic
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ural settlement (villages, farmstea
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SCALE 0 Antioch Sites Upland 10 20
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ural fortifications 335 they persis
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pattern of land ownership; status o
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difficulties and evidence 347 still
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a 40°N b 30°N c A 10°W B 0° C S
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the general picture 351 Fig. 12 The
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the general picture 353 Fig. 13 A g
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the general picture 355 In Italy, t
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the general picture 357 and evident
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(1) (1) (1) Grado (2) Venice (5) (2
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the extent of the change 361 instan
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egional and local variation 363 Rom
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‘prosperity’ and ‘sophisticat
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‘prosperity’ and ‘sophisticat
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the distribution of goods and wealt
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state and aristocratic distribution
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state and aristocratic distribution
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causes of economic decline: a consi
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war, disruption and economic declin
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war, disruption and economic declin
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climate, the environment and the ec
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population change and economic chan
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economic decline: some conclusions
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christianity and laws on the family
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law and society 399 and feasible co
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law and society 401 (attested for t
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law and society 403 and society is
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law and society 405 even greater ex
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negations of the family 407 iii. ne
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negations of the family 409 clearly
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west and east 411 hand, entailed al
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west and east 413 This polarity bet
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west and east 415 individual situat
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family and friendship in the west 4
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CHAPTER 16 STATE, LORDSHIP AND COMM
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the community of the realm 439 peer
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the community of the realm 441 tran
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the community of the realm 443 owni
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the community of the realm 445 dyna
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the community of the realm 447 in t
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the community of the realm 449 Even
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the community of the realm 451 with
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the community of the realm 453 Thes
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peers and lords: local communities
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CHAPTER 17 ARMIES AND SOCIETY IN TH
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military power and authority 471 fi
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military power and authority 473 da
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the maintenance of order 475 suppor
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the maintenance of order 477 soldie
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the maintenance of order 479 The ef
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local and central 481 efficient gar
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local and central 483 or cities but
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soldier and civilian 485 practices
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soldier and civilian 487 been subje
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soldier and civilian 489 the empero
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soldier and civilian 491 the men of
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soldier and civilian 493 Negev is r
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soldier and civilian 495 powerful l
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CHAPTER 18 THE NORTH-WESTERN PROVIN
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the north-western provinces 499 Alo
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the north-western provinces 501 age
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the north-western provinces 503 We
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the north-western provinces 505 in
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the north-western provinces 507 bec
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the north-western provinces 509 fro
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the north-western provinces 511 pre
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the north-western provinces 513 sui
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the north-western provinces 515 Bri
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the north-western provinces 517 are
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the north-western provinces 519 Thi
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the north-western provinces 521 han
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the north-western provinces 523 whi
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CHAPTER 19 ITALY, A.D. 425-605 mark
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italian interests and end of the we
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40°N c SCALE 0 100 200 300 0 odoac
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odoacer and theoderic (476,526) 531
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the end of the ostrogothic kingdom
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forging the lombard kingdom (568,60
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Kingdom of the Franks a 45°N b 40
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italy transformed: the ruling ilite
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the church and the papacy 541 empir
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the church and the papacy 543 of pr
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settlement and society 545 landhold
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settlement and society 547 various
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italian identities in late antiquit
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conclusion 551 tion. The fiscal cup
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the vandal conquest and vandal rule
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the vandal conquest and vandal rule
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a b 34°N c the vandal conquest and
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the byzantine conquest and byzantin
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the political geography 571 Inscrip
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a 40°N b 35°N A 25°E B 30°E C 3
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the historical framework 575 hierar
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the cities 577 However, although As
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the cities 579 from the late fifth
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the cities 581 were redeveloped, th
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city and countryside 583 achievemen
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the end of the civic era 585 and co
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the end of the civic era 587 societ
Page 609 and 610: syria, palestine and mesopotamia 58
Page 625 and 626: a 36°N b 34°N c 32°N d A 34°E B
Page 633 and 634: egypt 613 quently, Libya was separa
Page 635 and 636: egypt 615 some of the Egyptian prov
Page 637 and 638: egypt 617 praeses of Thebaid had, a
Page 639 and 640: egypt 619 be more striking. In Pous
Page 641 and 642: egypt 621 Fig. 19 Relief from the u
Page 643 and 644: egypt 623 Fig. 20 Fragment of a pap
Page 645 and 646: egypt 625 Theodore’s following hi
Page 647 and 648: egypt 627 Monophysite and Chalcedon
Page 649 and 650: egypt 629 one is that earlier house
Page 651 and 652: egypt 631 concern the Apions and th
Page 653 and 654: egypt 633 become vulnerable to fami
Page 655 and 656: egypt 635 corrections, what were on
Page 657 and 658: egypt 637 times by the charities of
Page 659: omans and sasanids 639 Kurdistan hi
Page 663 and 664: omans and sasanids 643 of defending
Page 665 and 666: oyal legitimation 645 developments
Page 667 and 668: sasanid kings and the zoroastrian p
Page 669 and 670: sasanid kings and the zoroastrian p
Page 671 and 672: kings and nobles 651 service of the
Page 673 and 674: kings and nobles 653 is the foundat
Page 675 and 676: taxation and military organization
Page 677 and 678: taxation and military organization
Page 679 and 680: sasanid collapse 659 payers in the
Page 681 and 682: sasanid collapse 661 troops in remo
Page 683 and 684: armenia in the fifth and sixth cent
Page 699 and 700: the arabs in late antiquity 679 muc
Page 701 and 702: the arabs in late antiquity 681 Ind
Page 703 and 704: arabian religious traditions 683 mo
Page 705 and 706: arabian religious traditions 685 Th
Page 707 and 708: economic life in arabia 687 use-val
Page 709 and 710: imperium and imperial politics 689
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imperium and imperial politics 691
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imperium and imperial politics 693
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mecca, muhammad and the rise of isl
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Page 719 and 720:
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CHAPTER 23 THE BALKANS AND GREECE 4
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introduction 703 It also illustrate
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the huns 705 latter is well illustr
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a 45°N b Salona 40°N c 35°N d Sa
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the huns 709 stoutly defended Roman
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the huns 711 were complemented by t
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from the huns to the avars 713 abou
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from the huns to the avars 715 who
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from the huns to the avars 717 The
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SCALE 0 50 100m from the huns to th
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from roman to post-roman 721 of the
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N SCALE 0 Sacred Way Road to the Ac
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SCALE 0 25 50m from roman to post-r
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from roman to post-roman 727 Thebes
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from roman to post-roman 729 basis
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CHAPTER 24 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE
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ishops and patriarchs 733 Constanti
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ishops and patriarchs 735 Alexandri
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councils and clergy 737 qualificati
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councils and clergy 739 553 showed
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finance 741 and received the palliu
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teaching 743 Christian who learns t
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CHAPTER 25 MONASTICISM philip rouss
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monasticism 747 spiritual values, e
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monasticism 749 brief and partly fi
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monasticism 751 within his system.
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monasticism 753 famous - to be arch
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monasticism 755 reveals, in a patte
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monasticism 757 new capital for the
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monasticism 759 the way in which th
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monasticism 761 Ennaton, a large De
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monasticism 763 As we would expect
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monasticism 765 those might best be
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monasticism 767 his Italian predece
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monasticism 769 was carefully defin
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monasticism 771 evidence of its con
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monasticism 773 rule is preoccupied
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monasticism 775 with laborious scru
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monasticism 777 demanded in the Rul
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monasticism 779 Scythopolis with th
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CHAPTER 26 HOLY MEN peter brown Som
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holy men 783 That sanctity, when ac
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holy men 785 provide us with a set
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holy men 787 of the emergence and f
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holy men 789 among the more hesitan
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holy men 791 A loyal, if careworn,
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holy men 793 When Marwan heard this
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holy men 795 the supernatural econo
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holy men 797 The Great Old Man even
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holy men 799 flow of divine favours
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holy men 801 the villagers were edg
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holy men 803 A star [he told her] i
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holy men 805 formed human conscious
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holy men 807 conflict, the supremel
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holy men 809 Symeon maintained, as
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CHAPTER 27 THE DEFINITION AND ENFOR
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the councils of ephesus i and ii 81
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aftermath of chalcedon 815 iii. aft
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zeno and basiliscus 817 antencyclic
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anastasius i 819 a synod in Antioch
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justin i and justinian 821 was forc
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justin i and justinian 823 Caesarea
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justin i and justinian 825 Cyril of
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justin i and justinian 827 Chapters
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justinian’s successors 829 exile
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justinian’s successors 831 (Baalb
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justinian’s successors 833 tribes
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CHAPTER 28 PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOSOPH
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philosophy in athens 837 but also o
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philosophy in athens 839 contempora
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philosophy in athens 841 Damascius
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philosophy in alexandria 843 lower
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philosophy in alexandria 845 First,
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philosophy in alexandria 847 who pi
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philosophy in alexandria 849 Chalda
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philosophy in alexandria 851 we wou
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philosophy elsewhere in the empire
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CHAPTER 29 EDUCATION IN THE ROMAN E
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education in the roman empire 857 t
Page 879 and 880:
education in the roman empire 859 i
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education in the roman empire 861 P
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education in the roman empire 863 a
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education in the roman empire 865 i
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education in the roman empire 867 u
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education in the roman empire 869 f
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education in the roman empire 871 M
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education in the roman empire 873 s
Page 895 and 896:
education in the roman empire 875 s
Page 897 and 898:
non-literary education 877 from the
Page 899 and 900:
non-literary education 879 on the n
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non-literary education 881 rose to
Page 903 and 904:
non-literary education 883 to pass
Page 905 and 906:
the visual arts 885 questions of pi
Page 907 and 908:
artistic evidence and its interpret
Page 909 and 910:
Page 911 and 912:
Page 913 and 914:
Page 915 and 916:
church and art in the fifth century
Page 917 and 918:
Fig. 31 Mosaics of the Annunciation
Page 919 and 920:
Fig. 32 Fifth-century mosaics of sa
Page 921 and 922:
church and art in the fifth century
Page 923 and 924:
‘the age of justinian’ 903 impe
Page 925 and 926:
‘the age of justinian’ 905 as t
Page 927 and 928:
Fig. 35 Sanctuary and apse with mos
Page 929 and 930:
‘the age of justinian’ 909 her
Page 931 and 932:
‘the age of justinian’ 911 Cons
Page 933 and 934:
church, monks & art at end of the s
Page 935 and 936:
Page 937 and 938:
Page 939 and 940:
introduction 919 supplemented by in
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SCALE 0 1 2 km Theodosian Wall Gold
Page 943 and 944:
introduction 923 a combination of s
Page 945 and 946:
House AD 451 Press N Church of the
Page 947 and 948:
a 40°N b 30°N c A 0° B 10°E C 2
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PC Excavated peristyle court [TRIKL
Page 951 and 952:
secular architecture 931 Fig. 45 Ep
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secular architecture 933 Incorporat
Page 955 and 956:
secular architecture 935 Constantin
Page 957 and 958:
Basilica (A) THERMAE 0 20m Piscina
Page 959 and 960:
secular architecture 939 Fig. 48 Ga
Page 961 and 962:
secular architecture 941 (b) Inns S
Page 963 and 964:
30°E A 35°E B 40°E C a 40°N b 3
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secular architecture 945 pilgrimage
Page 967 and 968:
secular architecture 947 4. Palaces
Page 969 and 970:
(a) (b) secular architecture 949 Fi
Page 971 and 972:
secular architecture 951 Fig. 52 Co
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secular architecture 953 common, an
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eligious architecture 955 continued
Page 977 and 978:
(a) (b) religious architecture 957
Page 979 and 980:
(a) (b) religious architecture 959
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eligious architecture 961 Beroea an
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eligious architecture 963 Juliana.
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eligious architecture 965 (c) Bemas
Page 987 and 988:
eligious architecture 967 Fig. 61 B
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eligious architecture 969 in the vi
Page 991 and 992:
conclusion 971 iv. conclusion The p
Page 993 and 994:
conclusion 973 dence from some of t
Page 995 and 996:
conclusion 975 Constantinople (a.d.
Page 997 and 998:
conclusion 977 Sasanian Persia, and
Page 999 and 1000:
conclusion 979 monks living in part
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conclusion 981 Empire of 1964 and t
Page 1003 and 1004:
460 Expedition of Majorian to Spain
Page 1005 and 1006:
Visigothic Kings Vandal Kings Frank
Page 1007 and 1008:
BIBLIOGRAPHY ABBREVIATIONS Full ref
Page 1009 and 1010:
abbreviations 989 JESHO Journal of
Page 1011 and 1012:
frequently cited works 991 FREQUENT
Page 1013 and 1014:
frequently cited works 993 Jeffreys
Page 1015 and 1016:
i. chronological overview 995 Archi
Page 1017 and 1018:
i. chronological overview 997 Charl
Page 1019 and 1020:
i. chronological overview 999 Goffa
Page 1021 and 1022:
i. chronological overview 1001 the
Page 1023 and 1024:
i. chronological overview 1003 Tard
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ii. government and institutions 100
Page 1027 and 1028:
Page 1029 and 1030:
Page 1031 and 1032:
Page 1033 and 1034:
Page 1035 and 1036:
Page 1037 and 1038:
Page 1039 and 1040:
Page 1041 and 1042:
Page 1043 and 1044:
Page 1045 and 1046:
Page 1047 and 1048:
Page 1049 and 1050:
iii. east and west: economy and soc
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Page 1053 and 1054:
Page 1055 and 1056:
Page 1057 and 1058:
Page 1059 and 1060:
Page 1061 and 1062:
Page 1063 and 1064:
Page 1065 and 1066:
Page 1067 and 1068:
ch. 18: the north-western provinces
Page 1069 and 1070:
ch. 19: italy, a.d. 425,605 1049 Ba
Page 1071 and 1072:
ch. 20: vandal and byzantine africa
Page 1073 and 1074:
ch. 20: vandal and byzantine africa
Page 1075 and 1076:
ch. 21a: asia minor and cyprus 1055
Page 1077 and 1078:
ch. 21a: asia minor and cyprus 1057
Page 1079 and 1080:
ch. 21b: syria, palestine and mesop
Page 1081 and 1082:
ch. 21c: egypt 1061 Shahı - d, I.
Page 1083 and 1084:
ch. 21c: egypt 1063 Hardy, E. R. (1
Page 1085 and 1086:
ch. 22a: the sasanid monarchy 1065
Page 1087 and 1088:
ch. 22b: armenia in the fifth and s
Page 1089 and 1090:
ch. 22b: armenia in the fifth and s
Page 1091 and 1092:
ch. 22c: the arabs 1071 al-Is · fa
Page 1093 and 1094:
ch. 22c: the arabs 1073 Christensen
Page 1095 and 1096:
ch. 22c: the arabs 1075 Jabbur, J.
Page 1097 and 1098:
ch. 23: the balkans and greece, 420
Page 1099 and 1100:
ch. 23: the balkans and greece, 420
Page 1101 and 1102:
v. religion and culture 1081 Woznia
Page 1103 and 1104:
v. religion and culture 1083 Brock,
Page 1105 and 1106:
v. religion and culture 1085 Dagron
Page 1107 and 1108:
v. religion and culture 1087 Finney
Page 1109 and 1110:
v. religion and culture 1089 Hadot,
Page 1111 and 1112:
v. religion and culture 1091 Kleinb
Page 1113 and 1114:
v. religion and culture 1093 Mansfe
Page 1115 and 1116:
v. religion and culture 1095 Fortun
Page 1117 and 1118:
v. religion and culture 1097 Sorabj
Page 1119 and 1120:
v. religion and culture 1099 Wallac
Page 1121:
conclusion 1101 Heather, P. (1989)
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