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834 27. the definition and enforcement of orthodoxy The ironical task of Chalcedonian bishops and highly placed secular officials, to which they were sometimes directed by the imperial government, became to resolve doctrinal squabbles among Monophysite groups in the hope of effecting a unified block with whom Chalcedonians might enter dialogue. Not even the energetic efforts of the emperor Heraclius in the seventh century with his monoenergist and monothelite formulae would succeed in achieving either undisputed orthodoxy or ecclesiastical unity in the empire. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CHAPTER 28 PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS 1 anne sheppard i. introduction The dominant pagan philosophy of the fifth and sixth century a.d. was Neoplatonism. By this period Platonism had absorbed the other philosophical traditions of antiquity. Aristotle was extensively studied but in a Platonist context, and usually as a preparation for the study of Plato himself. Epicureanism and Scepticism had faded away. Many elements of Stoicism do reappear in Neoplatonist logic and metaphysics but altered and transposed so as to fit into a very different philosophical system: the Stoics were materialists, whereas for the Neoplatonists the intelligible world is not only distinct from the material one but superior to it in reality and power. Neoplatonism was initiated by Plotinus in the third century and continued into the fourth by Porphyry, Iamblichus and their followers; by 425 it had spread all over the Mediterranean world. There were several different schools, in the physical sense, and this chapter will consider those in order. I shall begin with the school of Athens, proceed to Alexandria and then conclude with a brief account of philosophy elsewhere in the empire. The two principal schools were in Athens and Alexandria. These schools have often been seen as differing in doctrines and attitudes as well as in their geographical location. However, recent research has undermined this conventional picture. 2 I shall argue later in the chapter that there were some genuine differences in emphasis and attitude between the two schools. However, they both derived from the Iamblichean tradition of Neoplatonism, and I shall begin by summarizing the main features of that tradition. The contrast between an intelligible world, accessible only to the mind, 1 Several biographical works are important sources for the history of philosophy in this period: Marinus, Life of Proclus (English translation in Rosán (1949); discussion in Blumenthal (1984)); Damascius, Life of Isidorus (discussion of the period heavily based on Damascius in Athanassiadi (1993), and see now P. Athanassiadi, Damascius, The Philosophical History (Athens, 1999)); Zacharias, Life of Severus. For bibliography on individual philosophers see Sorabji (1990) 485ff., with the addition of Hoffmann (1994) on Damascius. For the archaeological evidence see Frantz (1988), Roueché, Aphrodisias 85–6, Fowden (1990a), Smith (1990). 2 The Athenian and Alexandrian schools were sharply distinguished in Praechter (1910). For the case against Praechter see, in the first instance, Hadot (1978). For a recent, balanced discussion see Blumenthal (1993). 835 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUM
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THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUM
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CONTENTS List of maps page xiii Lis
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contents vii i East and west: commo
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contents ix ii The maintenance of o
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contents xi 25 Monasticism page 745
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MAPS 11 The Roman world of the fift
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text-figures xv 22 The walls of The
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PREFACE The decision to extend The
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preface xix identity that created t
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CHAPTER 1 THE WESTERN EMPIRE, 425-7
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SUEVES 26 27 23 VANDALS AND ALANS 2
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the era of aetius, 425,54 5 Why thi
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the era of aetius, 425,54 7 As we h
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the era of aetius, 425,54 9 are rec
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the era of aetius, 425,54 11 provin
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the era of aetius, 425,54 13 still
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the era of aetius, 425,54 15 direct
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the era of aetius, 425,54 17 a poss
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the fall of the western empire 19 i
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the fall of the western empire 21 u
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the fall of the western empire 23 a
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the fall of the western empire 25 T
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the fall of the western empire 27 n
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the fall of the western empire 29 o
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conclusion 31 loss of territory to
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CHAPTER 2 THE EASTERN EMPIRE: THEOD
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theodosius ii 35 emperor) emerged a
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theodosius ii 37 play a role of con
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theodosius ii 39 council, a respons
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theodosius ii 41 evidently broke do
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the successors of theodosius 43 Mar
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the successors of theodosius 45 Mar
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the successors of theodosius 47 rea
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the successors of theodosius 49 com
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the successors of theodosius 51 Thi
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anastasius 53 the tradition of Chry
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anastasius 55 weight in turn began
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anastasius 57 the second time after
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anastasius 59 defences in the regio
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anastasius 61 ruler whose policies
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CHAPTER 3 JUSTIN I AND JUSTINIAN av
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justinian’s early years (527,32)
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Page 89 and 90:
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st sophia and the ‘reconquest’(
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Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
three chapters and the fifth oecume
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three chapters and the fifth oecume
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the last decade (c. 554,65) 83 and
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the last decade (c. 554,65) 85 few
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justin ii 87 the general, might att
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justin ii 89 always have struck har
Page 111 and 112:
justin ii 91 after the Gepids, who
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a b c A 35°E B 40°E C 45°E D 40
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tiberius 95 details must be untrue,
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tiberius 97 despatched in 575, but
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maurice 99 Tiberius attempted to av
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maurice 101 Maurice was faced with
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maurice 103 Antioch; Philippicus wa
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maurice 105 At Maurice’s accessio
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a 45°N Siscia SCALE 0 0 Sava DINAR
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conclusion 109 could then be summon
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conclusion 111 troops north of the
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gaul: visigothic kingdom, 416,507 1
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the burgundian kingdom, 412,534 115
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A 50°N 20°W B 10°W C 0° D 10°E
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frankish gaul, 481,596 119 his four
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spain: the suevic kingdoms, 425,584
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visigothic spain, 456,601 123 in th
Page 145 and 146:
vandal africa, 429,533 125 broke th
Page 147 and 148:
ostrogothic italy, 493,555 127 take
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ostrogothic italy, 493,555 129 repu
Page 151 and 152:
italy: the lombards, 568,90 131 Nar
Page 153 and 154:
itish isles: anglo-saxon, irish & p
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CHAPTER 6 EMPEROR AND COURT michael
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the physical context of power 137 c
Page 159 and 160:
the physical context of power 139 a
Page 161 and 162:
the physical context of power 141 h
Page 163 and 164:
the emperor 143 The emperor’s act
Page 165 and 166:
the court: the human element 145 de
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the court: the human element 147 Ta
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the court: the human element 149 Th
Page 171 and 172:
the court: the human element 151 wo
Page 173 and 174:
the court: the human element 153 Ta
Page 175 and 176:
the court: the human element 155 a
Page 177 and 178:
court and ceremony 157 distinctions
Page 179 and 180:
court and ceremony 159 Though doubt
Page 181 and 182:
court and culture 161 Theoderic, ev
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court and culture 163 between the t
Page 185 and 186:
sources 165 i. sources The range of
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sources 167 right as praetorian pre
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sources 169 it reminds us that a ma
Page 191 and 192:
the structures of government 171 hi
Page 193 and 194:
the structures of government 173 th
Page 195 and 196:
the structures of government 175 ea
Page 197 and 198:
the structures of government 177 wo
Page 199 and 200:
the structures of government 179 ch
Page 201 and 202:
administration in operation 181 pre
Page 203 and 204:
administration in operation 183 The
Page 205 and 206:
administration in operation 185 bee
Page 207 and 208:
administration in operation 187 act
Page 209 and 210:
administration in operation 189 exa
Page 211 and 212:
administration in operation 191 man
Page 213 and 214:
administrative change 193 appointme
Page 215 and 216:
administrative change 195 areas und
Page 217 and 218:
administrative change 197 produce.
Page 219 and 220:
administrative change 199 the taxes
Page 221 and 222:
administrative change 201 become to
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from rome to byzantium 203 earned t
Page 225 and 226:
from rome to byzantium 205 as had h
Page 227 and 228:
CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTRATION AND POLITI
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east and west: common trends 209 th
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a 40°N b 30°N c A 10°W B 0° C 1
Page 233 and 234:
the cities of the east 213 statues,
Page 235 and 236:
the cities of the east 215 built up
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the cities of the east 217 whose co
Page 239 and 240:
the cities of the east 219 part in
Page 241 and 242:
the cities of the east 221 building
Page 243 and 244:
the cities of the east 223 purchase
Page 245 and 246:
the cities of the east 225 fewer of
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the cities of the east 227 their su
Page 249 and 250:
administration and politics in the
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
conclusion 237 and Athens, is paral
Page 259 and 260:
introduction: law in the late roman
Page 261 and 262:
the jurisdiction 241 magistrates, t
Page 263 and 264:
sources of law and law making 243 n
Page 265 and 266:
codification 245 his commissioners
Page 267 and 268:
codification 247 cousin and father-
Page 269 and 270:
codification 249 that in the meanti
Page 271 and 272:
codification 251 the commission. Ju
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law schools 253 v. law schools Roma
Page 275 and 276:
legal literature 255 did not have a
Page 277 and 278:
legal literature 257 on the Epitome
Page 279 and 280:
continuity, vulgarization, classici
Page 281 and 282:
law in the western kingdoms 261 con
Page 283 and 284:
edicts and judgements 263 within Au
Page 285 and 286:
edicts and judgements 265 called, i
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edicts and judgements 267 decrees o
Page 289 and 290:
lawbooks and codes 269 plaintiff’
Page 291 and 292:
the evolution of frankish written l
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
from north-west europe to the medit
Page 301 and 302:
from north-west europe to the medit
Page 303 and 304:
arbarian and roman law 283 use of t
Page 305 and 306:
urgundian and gothic law 285 himsel
Page 307 and 308:
urgundian and gothic law 287 claim
Page 309 and 310:
troops: categories, conditions of s
Page 311 and 312:
troops: categories, conditions of s
Page 313 and 314:
navies 293 This massive army could
Page 315 and 316:
western collapse 295 prevented the
Page 317 and 318:
western collapse 297 however, showe
Page 319 and 320:
western collapse 299 army: military
Page 321 and 322:
the eastern army: men and resources
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
eastern survival 309 bodyguards, an
Page 331 and 332:
eastern survival 311 Avars, who sho
Page 333 and 334:
eastern survival 313 dictated the d
Page 335 and 336:
CHAPTER 12 LAND, LABOUR AND SETTLEM
Page 337 and 338:
the issues and the evidence 317 yet
Page 339 and 340:
the issues and the evidence 319 can
Page 341 and 342:
population; settlement; demographic
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
ural settlement (villages, farmstea
Page 349 and 350:
SCALE 0 Antioch Sites Upland 10 20
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
ural fortifications 335 they persis
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pattern of land ownership; status o
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Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
difficulties and evidence 347 still
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a 40°N b 30°N c A 10°W B 0° C S
Page 371 and 372:
the general picture 351 Fig. 12 The
Page 373 and 374:
the general picture 353 Fig. 13 A g
Page 375 and 376:
the general picture 355 In Italy, t
Page 377 and 378:
the general picture 357 and evident
Page 379 and 380:
(1) (1) (1) Grado (2) Venice (5) (2
Page 381 and 382:
the extent of the change 361 instan
Page 383 and 384:
egional and local variation 363 Rom
Page 385 and 386:
‘prosperity’ and ‘sophisticat
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‘prosperity’ and ‘sophisticat
Page 389 and 390:
the distribution of goods and wealt
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
state and aristocratic distribution
Page 399 and 400:
state and aristocratic distribution
Page 401 and 402:
causes of economic decline: a consi
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war, disruption and economic declin
Page 405 and 406:
war, disruption and economic declin
Page 407 and 408:
climate, the environment and the ec
Page 409 and 410:
population change and economic chan
Page 411 and 412:
economic decline: some conclusions
Page 413 and 414:
christianity and laws on the family
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
law and society 399 and feasible co
Page 421 and 422:
law and society 401 (attested for t
Page 423 and 424:
law and society 403 and society is
Page 425 and 426:
law and society 405 even greater ex
Page 427 and 428:
negations of the family 407 iii. ne
Page 429 and 430:
negations of the family 409 clearly
Page 431 and 432:
west and east 411 hand, entailed al
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west and east 413 This polarity bet
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west and east 415 individual situat
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family and friendship in the west 4
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
CHAPTER 16 STATE, LORDSHIP AND COMM
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the community of the realm 439 peer
Page 461 and 462:
the community of the realm 441 tran
Page 463 and 464:
the community of the realm 443 owni
Page 465 and 466:
the community of the realm 445 dyna
Page 467 and 468:
the community of the realm 447 in t
Page 469 and 470:
the community of the realm 449 Even
Page 471 and 472:
the community of the realm 451 with
Page 473 and 474:
the community of the realm 453 Thes
Page 475 and 476:
peers and lords: local communities
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
CHAPTER 17 ARMIES AND SOCIETY IN TH
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military power and authority 471 fi
Page 493 and 494:
military power and authority 473 da
Page 495 and 496:
the maintenance of order 475 suppor
Page 497 and 498:
the maintenance of order 477 soldie
Page 499 and 500:
the maintenance of order 479 The ef
Page 501 and 502:
local and central 481 efficient gar
Page 503 and 504:
local and central 483 or cities but
Page 505 and 506:
soldier and civilian 485 practices
Page 507 and 508:
soldier and civilian 487 been subje
Page 509 and 510:
soldier and civilian 489 the empero
Page 511 and 512:
soldier and civilian 491 the men of
Page 513 and 514:
soldier and civilian 493 Negev is r
Page 515 and 516:
soldier and civilian 495 powerful l
Page 517 and 518:
CHAPTER 18 THE NORTH-WESTERN PROVIN
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the north-western provinces 499 Alo
Page 521 and 522:
the north-western provinces 501 age
Page 523 and 524:
the north-western provinces 503 We
Page 525 and 526:
the north-western provinces 505 in
Page 527 and 528:
the north-western provinces 507 bec
Page 529 and 530:
the north-western provinces 509 fro
Page 531 and 532:
the north-western provinces 511 pre
Page 533 and 534:
the north-western provinces 513 sui
Page 535 and 536:
the north-western provinces 515 Bri
Page 537 and 538:
the north-western provinces 517 are
Page 539 and 540:
the north-western provinces 519 Thi
Page 541 and 542:
the north-western provinces 521 han
Page 543 and 544:
the north-western provinces 523 whi
Page 545 and 546:
CHAPTER 19 ITALY, A.D. 425-605 mark
Page 547 and 548:
italian interests and end of the we
Page 549 and 550:
40°N c SCALE 0 100 200 300 0 odoac
Page 551 and 552:
odoacer and theoderic (476,526) 531
Page 553 and 554:
the end of the ostrogothic kingdom
Page 555 and 556:
forging the lombard kingdom (568,60
Page 557 and 558:
Kingdom of the Franks a 45°N b 40
Page 559 and 560:
italy transformed: the ruling ilite
Page 561 and 562:
the church and the papacy 541 empir
Page 563 and 564:
the church and the papacy 543 of pr
Page 565 and 566:
settlement and society 545 landhold
Page 567 and 568:
settlement and society 547 various
Page 569 and 570:
italian identities in late antiquit
Page 571 and 572:
conclusion 551 tion. The fiscal cup
Page 573 and 574:
the vandal conquest and vandal rule
Page 575 and 576:
the vandal conquest and vandal rule
Page 577 and 578:
a b 34°N c the vandal conquest and
Page 579 and 580:
the byzantine conquest and byzantin
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
the political geography 571 Inscrip
Page 593 and 594:
a 40°N b 35°N A 25°E B 30°E C 3
Page 595 and 596:
the historical framework 575 hierar
Page 597 and 598:
the cities 577 However, although As
Page 599 and 600:
the cities 579 from the late fifth
Page 601 and 602:
the cities 581 were redeveloped, th
Page 603 and 604:
city and countryside 583 achievemen
Page 605 and 606:
the end of the civic era 585 and co
Page 607 and 608:
the end of the civic era 587 societ
Page 609 and 610:
syria, palestine and mesopotamia 58
Page 611 and 612:
Page 613 and 614:
Page 615 and 616:
Page 617 and 618:
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
a 36°N b 34°N c 32°N d A 34°E B
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
egypt 613 quently, Libya was separa
Page 635 and 636:
egypt 615 some of the Egyptian prov
Page 637 and 638:
egypt 617 praeses of Thebaid had, a
Page 639 and 640:
egypt 619 be more striking. In Pous
Page 641 and 642:
egypt 621 Fig. 19 Relief from the u
Page 643 and 644:
egypt 623 Fig. 20 Fragment of a pap
Page 645 and 646:
egypt 625 Theodore’s following hi
Page 647 and 648:
egypt 627 Monophysite and Chalcedon
Page 649 and 650:
egypt 629 one is that earlier house
Page 651 and 652:
egypt 631 concern the Apions and th
Page 653 and 654:
egypt 633 become vulnerable to fami
Page 655 and 656:
egypt 635 corrections, what were on
Page 657 and 658:
egypt 637 times by the charities of
Page 659 and 660:
omans and sasanids 639 Kurdistan hi
Page 661 and 662:
omans and sasanids 641 Ctesiphon in
Page 663 and 664:
omans and sasanids 643 of defending
Page 665 and 666:
oyal legitimation 645 developments
Page 667 and 668:
sasanid kings and the zoroastrian p
Page 669 and 670:
sasanid kings and the zoroastrian p
Page 671 and 672:
kings and nobles 651 service of the
Page 673 and 674:
kings and nobles 653 is the foundat
Page 675 and 676:
taxation and military organization
Page 677 and 678:
taxation and military organization
Page 679 and 680:
sasanid collapse 659 payers in the
Page 681 and 682:
sasanid collapse 661 troops in remo
Page 683 and 684:
armenia in the fifth and sixth cent
Page 685 and 686:
Page 687 and 688:
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Page 693 and 694:
Page 695 and 696:
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
the arabs in late antiquity 679 muc
Page 701 and 702:
the arabs in late antiquity 681 Ind
Page 703 and 704:
arabian religious traditions 683 mo
Page 705 and 706:
arabian religious traditions 685 Th
Page 707 and 708:
economic life in arabia 687 use-val
Page 709 and 710:
imperium and imperial politics 689
Page 711 and 712:
Page 713 and 714:
Page 715 and 716:
mecca, muhammad and the rise of isl
Page 717 and 718:
Page 719 and 720:
Page 721 and 722:
CHAPTER 23 THE BALKANS AND GREECE 4
Page 723 and 724:
introduction 703 It also illustrate
Page 725 and 726:
the huns 705 latter is well illustr
Page 727 and 728:
a 45°N b Salona 40°N c 35°N d Sa
Page 729 and 730:
the huns 709 stoutly defended Roman
Page 731 and 732:
the huns 711 were complemented by t
Page 733 and 734:
from the huns to the avars 713 abou
Page 735 and 736:
from the huns to the avars 715 who
Page 737 and 738:
from the huns to the avars 717 The
Page 739 and 740:
SCALE 0 50 100m from the huns to th
Page 741 and 742:
from roman to post-roman 721 of the
Page 743 and 744:
N SCALE 0 Sacred Way Road to the Ac
Page 745 and 746:
SCALE 0 25 50m from roman to post-r
Page 747 and 748:
from roman to post-roman 727 Thebes
Page 749 and 750:
from roman to post-roman 729 basis
Page 751 and 752:
CHAPTER 24 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE
Page 753 and 754:
ishops and patriarchs 733 Constanti
Page 755 and 756:
ishops and patriarchs 735 Alexandri
Page 757 and 758:
councils and clergy 737 qualificati
Page 759 and 760:
councils and clergy 739 553 showed
Page 761 and 762:
finance 741 and received the palliu
Page 763 and 764:
teaching 743 Christian who learns t
Page 765 and 766:
CHAPTER 25 MONASTICISM philip rouss
Page 767 and 768:
monasticism 747 spiritual values, e
Page 769 and 770:
monasticism 749 brief and partly fi
Page 771 and 772:
monasticism 751 within his system.
Page 773 and 774:
monasticism 753 famous - to be arch
Page 775 and 776:
monasticism 755 reveals, in a patte
Page 777 and 778:
monasticism 757 new capital for the
Page 779 and 780:
monasticism 759 the way in which th
Page 781 and 782:
monasticism 761 Ennaton, a large De
Page 783 and 784:
monasticism 763 As we would expect
Page 785 and 786:
monasticism 765 those might best be
Page 787 and 788:
monasticism 767 his Italian predece
Page 789 and 790:
monasticism 769 was carefully defin
Page 791 and 792:
monasticism 771 evidence of its con
Page 793 and 794:
monasticism 773 rule is preoccupied
Page 795 and 796:
monasticism 775 with laborious scru
Page 797 and 798:
monasticism 777 demanded in the Rul
Page 799 and 800:
monasticism 779 Scythopolis with th
Page 801 and 802:
CHAPTER 26 HOLY MEN peter brown Som
Page 803 and 804: holy men 783 That sanctity, when ac
Page 805 and 806: holy men 785 provide us with a set
Page 807 and 808: holy men 787 of the emergence and f
Page 809 and 810: holy men 789 among the more hesitan
Page 811 and 812: holy men 791 A loyal, if careworn,
Page 813 and 814: holy men 793 When Marwan heard this
Page 815 and 816: holy men 795 the supernatural econo
Page 817 and 818: holy men 797 The Great Old Man even
Page 819 and 820: holy men 799 flow of divine favours
Page 821 and 822: holy men 801 the villagers were edg
Page 823 and 824: holy men 803 A star [he told her] i
Page 825 and 826: holy men 805 formed human conscious
Page 827 and 828: holy men 807 conflict, the supremel
Page 829 and 830: holy men 809 Symeon maintained, as
Page 831 and 832: CHAPTER 27 THE DEFINITION AND ENFOR
Page 833 and 834: the councils of ephesus i and ii 81
Page 835 and 836: aftermath of chalcedon 815 iii. aft
Page 837 and 838: zeno and basiliscus 817 antencyclic
Page 839 and 840: anastasius i 819 a synod in Antioch
Page 841 and 842: justin i and justinian 821 was forc
Page 843 and 844: justin i and justinian 823 Caesarea
Page 845 and 846: justin i and justinian 825 Cyril of
Page 847 and 848: justin i and justinian 827 Chapters
Page 849 and 850: justinian’s successors 829 exile
Page 851 and 852: justinian’s successors 831 (Baalb
Page 853: justinian’s successors 833 tribes
Page 857 and 858: philosophy in athens 837 but also o
Page 859 and 860: philosophy in athens 839 contempora
Page 861 and 862: philosophy in athens 841 Damascius
Page 863 and 864: philosophy in alexandria 843 lower
Page 865 and 866: philosophy in alexandria 845 First,
Page 867 and 868: philosophy in alexandria 847 who pi
Page 869 and 870: philosophy in alexandria 849 Chalda
Page 871 and 872: philosophy in alexandria 851 we wou
Page 873 and 874: philosophy elsewhere in the empire
Page 875 and 876: CHAPTER 29 EDUCATION IN THE ROMAN E
Page 877 and 878: education in the roman empire 857 t
Page 879 and 880: education in the roman empire 859 i
Page 881 and 882: education in the roman empire 861 P
Page 883 and 884: education in the roman empire 863 a
Page 885 and 886: education in the roman empire 865 i
Page 887 and 888: education in the roman empire 867 u
Page 889 and 890: education in the roman empire 869 f
Page 891 and 892: education in the roman empire 871 M
Page 893 and 894: education in the roman empire 873 s
Page 895 and 896: education in the roman empire 875 s
Page 897 and 898: non-literary education 877 from the
Page 899 and 900: non-literary education 879 on the n
Page 901 and 902: non-literary education 881 rose to
Page 903 and 904: non-literary education 883 to pass
Page 905 and 906:
the visual arts 885 questions of pi
Page 907 and 908:
artistic evidence and its interpret
Page 909 and 910:
Page 911 and 912:
Page 913 and 914:
Page 915 and 916:
church and art in the fifth century
Page 917 and 918:
Fig. 31 Mosaics of the Annunciation
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Fig. 32 Fifth-century mosaics of sa
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church and art in the fifth century
Page 923 and 924:
‘the age of justinian’ 903 impe
Page 925 and 926:
‘the age of justinian’ 905 as t
Page 927 and 928:
Fig. 35 Sanctuary and apse with mos
Page 929 and 930:
‘the age of justinian’ 909 her
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‘the age of justinian’ 911 Cons
Page 933 and 934:
church, monks & art at end of the s
Page 935 and 936:
Page 937 and 938:
Page 939 and 940:
introduction 919 supplemented by in
Page 941 and 942:
SCALE 0 1 2 km Theodosian Wall Gold
Page 943 and 944:
introduction 923 a combination of s
Page 945 and 946:
House AD 451 Press N Church of the
Page 947 and 948:
a 40°N b 30°N c A 0° B 10°E C 2
Page 949 and 950:
PC Excavated peristyle court [TRIKL
Page 951 and 952:
secular architecture 931 Fig. 45 Ep
Page 953 and 954:
secular architecture 933 Incorporat
Page 955 and 956:
secular architecture 935 Constantin
Page 957 and 958:
Basilica (A) THERMAE 0 20m Piscina
Page 959 and 960:
secular architecture 939 Fig. 48 Ga
Page 961 and 962:
secular architecture 941 (b) Inns S
Page 963 and 964:
30°E A 35°E B 40°E C a 40°N b 3
Page 965 and 966:
secular architecture 945 pilgrimage
Page 967 and 968:
secular architecture 947 4. Palaces
Page 969 and 970:
(a) (b) secular architecture 949 Fi
Page 971 and 972:
secular architecture 951 Fig. 52 Co
Page 973 and 974:
secular architecture 953 common, an
Page 975 and 976:
eligious architecture 955 continued
Page 977 and 978:
(a) (b) religious architecture 957
Page 979 and 980:
(a) (b) religious architecture 959
Page 981 and 982:
eligious architecture 961 Beroea an
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eligious architecture 963 Juliana.
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eligious architecture 965 (c) Bemas
Page 987 and 988:
eligious architecture 967 Fig. 61 B
Page 989 and 990:
eligious architecture 969 in the vi
Page 991 and 992:
conclusion 971 iv. conclusion The p
Page 993 and 994:
conclusion 973 dence from some of t
Page 995 and 996:
conclusion 975 Constantinople (a.d.
Page 997 and 998:
conclusion 977 Sasanian Persia, and
Page 999 and 1000:
conclusion 979 monks living in part
Page 1001 and 1002:
conclusion 981 Empire of 1964 and t
Page 1003 and 1004:
460 Expedition of Majorian to Spain
Page 1005 and 1006:
Visigothic Kings Vandal Kings Frank
Page 1007 and 1008:
BIBLIOGRAPHY ABBREVIATIONS Full ref
Page 1009 and 1010:
abbreviations 989 JESHO Journal of
Page 1011 and 1012:
frequently cited works 991 FREQUENT
Page 1013 and 1014:
frequently cited works 993 Jeffreys
Page 1015 and 1016:
i. chronological overview 995 Archi
Page 1017 and 1018:
i. chronological overview 997 Charl
Page 1019 and 1020:
i. chronological overview 999 Goffa
Page 1021 and 1022:
i. chronological overview 1001 the
Page 1023 and 1024:
i. chronological overview 1003 Tard
Page 1025 and 1026:
ii. government and institutions 100
Page 1027 and 1028:
Page 1029 and 1030:
Page 1031 and 1032:
Page 1033 and 1034:
Page 1035 and 1036:
Page 1037 and 1038:
Page 1039 and 1040:
Page 1041 and 1042:
Page 1043 and 1044:
Page 1045 and 1046:
Page 1047 and 1048:
Page 1049 and 1050:
iii. east and west: economy and soc
Page 1051 and 1052:
Page 1053 and 1054:
Page 1055 and 1056:
Page 1057 and 1058:
Page 1059 and 1060:
Page 1061 and 1062:
Page 1063 and 1064:
Page 1065 and 1066:
Page 1067 and 1068:
ch. 18: the north-western provinces
Page 1069 and 1070:
ch. 19: italy, a.d. 425,605 1049 Ba
Page 1071 and 1072:
ch. 20: vandal and byzantine africa
Page 1073 and 1074:
ch. 20: vandal and byzantine africa
Page 1075 and 1076:
ch. 21a: asia minor and cyprus 1055
Page 1077 and 1078:
ch. 21a: asia minor and cyprus 1057
Page 1079 and 1080:
ch. 21b: syria, palestine and mesop
Page 1081 and 1082:
ch. 21c: egypt 1061 Shahı - d, I.
Page 1083 and 1084:
ch. 21c: egypt 1063 Hardy, E. R. (1
Page 1085 and 1086:
ch. 22a: the sasanid monarchy 1065
Page 1087 and 1088:
ch. 22b: armenia in the fifth and s
Page 1089 and 1090:
ch. 22b: armenia in the fifth and s
Page 1091 and 1092:
ch. 22c: the arabs 1071 al-Is · fa
Page 1093 and 1094:
ch. 22c: the arabs 1073 Christensen
Page 1095 and 1096:
ch. 22c: the arabs 1075 Jabbur, J.
Page 1097 and 1098:
ch. 23: the balkans and greece, 420
Page 1099 and 1100:
ch. 23: the balkans and greece, 420
Page 1101 and 1102:
v. religion and culture 1081 Woznia
Page 1103 and 1104:
v. religion and culture 1083 Brock,
Page 1105 and 1106:
v. religion and culture 1085 Dagron
Page 1107 and 1108:
v. religion and culture 1087 Finney
Page 1109 and 1110:
v. religion and culture 1089 Hadot,
Page 1111 and 1112:
v. religion and culture 1091 Kleinb
Page 1113 and 1114:
v. religion and culture 1093 Mansfe
Page 1115 and 1116:
v. religion and culture 1095 Fortun
Page 1117 and 1118:
v. religion and culture 1097 Sorabj
Page 1119 and 1120:
v. religion and culture 1099 Wallac
Page 1121:
conclusion 1101 Heather, P. (1989)
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