Handbook of the History of Logic: - Fordham University Faculty

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388 Ria van der Lecq [Rosier, 1983] I. Rosier. La grammaire spéculative des Modistes. Lille (Presses Universitaires de Lille), 1983. [Rosier, 1994] I. Rosier. La parole comme acte. sur la grammaire et la sémantique au XIIIe siècle. Paris (Vrin), 1994. [Schmidt, 1966] R. W. Schmidt. The Domain of Logic according to Saint Thomas Aquinas. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966. [Vos, 2006] A. Vos. The Philosophy of John Duns Scotus, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
THE NOMINALIST SEMANTICS OF OCKHAM AND BURIDAN: A “RATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION” Gyula Klima SOME HISTORICAL-PHILOSOPHICAL PRELIMINARIES This paper is going to outline the innovative semantic theories of the two great 14 th -century nominalist thinkers whose work eventually gave rise to the quasiinstitutional separation of the nominalist via moderna, the “modern way”, from the realist via antiqua, “the old way” of doing logic, science, philosophy, and theology in the late Middle Ages. 1 The person who initiated these changes was the English Franciscan theologian, William Ockham. However, the person who was primarily responsible for establishing Ockham’s nominalism as a genuinely viable theoretical alternative was the French secular Master of Arts, John Buridan. The historical significance of Ockham’s innovations is that they were the first to introduce a radically new type of theoretical disagreement into scholastic discourse, a type of disagreement with which we, as heirs to these historical developments, are all too familiar, namely, the conflict between proponents of paradigmatically different conceptual schemes. In the case of conflicts of this type, the disagreement is not merely over different possible answers to the same questions answerable within the same conceptual framework. For in a conflict of this type there is no uniformly shared conceptual framework that would fix the commonly recognized rules of the “language games” to be played by the disputants in discussing their disagreements. Therefore, what becomes at stake in these conflicts is rather the very legitimacy of some of the questions and rules of the opposing camp. For example, after Ockham, the old metaphysical question “What are the common natures signified by our common terms and how are they related to the singulars?” has to yield to the new semantic question “Do our common terms signify some common natures in the first place?” Ockham’s and Buridan’s resounding ‘no’ to this new question and their relentless pursuit of the implications of this answer radically transformed late-medieval theoretical discourse. The importance of Ockham’s and especially Buridan’s work consists in their presenting a consistent, alternative way of construing the fundamental semantic 1 For a detailed historical discussion of the late-medieval separation of the via antiqua and the via moderna see: Moore, W. L. 1989 “Via Moderna”, in: J. R. Strayer: Dictionary of Middle Ages, New York: Scribner, 1989, vol.12. pp. 406-409. Handbook of the History of Logic. Volume 2: Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic Dov M. Gabbay and John Woods (Editors) c○ 2007 Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.
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4 Medieval Modal Theories and Modal
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viii Preface It remains to be seen
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x Terence Parsons University of Cal
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2 John Marenbon which was new; the
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56 John Marenbon and his followers
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58 John Marenbon [Aristotle, 1966]
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62 John Marenbon [Martin, 1991] C.
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LOGIC AT THE TURN OF THE TWELFTH CE
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84 Ian Wilks question. 2 And second
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124 Ian Wilks by this tendency. He
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128 Ian Wilks between the anteceden
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148 Ian Wilks This indeed is the ap
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152 Ian Wilks BIBLIOGRAPHY “[Abel
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154 Ian Wilks [Green-Pedersen, 1984
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156 Ian Wilks [Rosier-Catach, 1999]
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158 Terence Parsons Medieval author
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166 Terence Parsons Figure 1 (ch 4)
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168 Terence Parsons 1.7 Quantifying
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170 Terence Parsons Every A is B Ev
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172 Terence Parsons In modern logic
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174 Terence Parsons The purpose of
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222 Terence Parsons 7 MODES OF SUPP
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276 Terence Parsons Therefore, ‘d
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278 Terence Parsons [Dineen, 1990]
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280 Terence Parsons [Spade, 1988] P
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282 Henrik Lagerlund and references
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284 Henrik Lagerlund never very con
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336 Henrik Lagerlund On Supposition
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Page 356 and 357: 348 Ria van der Lecq signification.
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Page 394 and 395: 386 Ria van der Lecq [Bacon, 1988]
Page 398 and 399: 390 Gyula Klima relations between l
Page 400 and 401: 392 Gyula Klima regarded as attempt
Page 402 and 403: 394 Gyula Klima . . . it is essenti
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Page 406 and 407: 398 Gyula Klima m at t, namely, the
Page 408 and 409: 400 Gyula Klima stead, representing
Page 410 and 411: 402 Gyula Klima it is a substantial
Page 412 and 413: 404 Gyula Klima of various ontologi
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Page 418 and 419: 410 Gyula Klima does not have to me
Page 420 and 421: 412 Gyula Klima namely, those to wh
Page 422 and 423: 414 Gyula Klima Concepts and mental
Page 424 and 425: 416 Gyula Klima signify all their s
Page 426 and 427: 418 Gyula Klima provided they are n
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Page 430 and 431: 422 Gyula Klima context, the condit
Page 432 and 433: 424 Gyula Klima semantic closure (i
Page 434 and 435: 426 Gyula Klima a given situation i
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Page 441 and 442: LOGICINTHE14 th CENTURY AFTER OCKHA
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Logic in the 14 th Century after Oc
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elsewhere, in particular in Italy.
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MEDIEVAL MODAL THEORIES AND MODAL L
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TREATMENTS OF THE PARADOXES OF SELF
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Treatments of the Paradoxes of Self
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Proof. Treatments of the Paradoxes
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DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIFTEENTH AND S
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646 Petr Dvoˇrák 2 CARAMUEL’S L
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648 Petr Dvoˇrák ter characterist
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650 Petr Dvoˇrák ad extra as some
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652 Petr Dvoˇrák equivalences (wh
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654 Petr Dvoˇrák the two provided
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656 Petr Dvoˇrák that of arectisa
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658 Petr Dvoˇrák view of relation
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660 Petr Dvoˇrák In dealing with
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662 Petr Dvoˇrák As has been said
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664 Petr Dvoˇrák Things, which ar
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PORT ROYAL: THE STIRRINGS OF MODERN
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702 appellata, 416 appellation, 188
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704 Cassiodorus, 1, 2, 5, 22, 25 In
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706 determinate modality, 114 deter
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708 clear and distinct, 671 identir
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710 material essence realism, 86 Ma
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712 antiqua responsio, 440 nova res
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714 484, 552-556, 559 pseudo-Scotus
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716 narrow distributive, 267-276 pe
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718 Wyclif, J., 441, 442, 450, 452,
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