Handbook of the History of Logic: - Fordham University Faculty

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578 Simo Knuuttila [Thom, 2007] P. Thom. Logic and Ontology in the Syllogistic of Robert Kilwardby (Leiden: Brill, 2007). [von Wright, 1971] G. H. von Wright. Deontic Logic and the Theory of Conditions. In R. Hilpinen, ed., Deontic Logic: Introductory and Systematic Readings (Reidel: Dordrecht, 1971), 159-77. [von Wright, 1984] G. H. von Wright. Truth, Knowledge, and Modality (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984 [Vos et al., 1994] A. Vos, H. Veldhuis, A. H. Looman-Graaskamp, E. Dekker, and N. W. den Bok. John Duns Scotus, Contingency and Freedom. Lectura I.39, trans. with introduction and commentary, The New Synthese Historical Library 42 (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers), 1994. [Vuillemin, 1984] J. Vuillemin. Nécessité ou contingence: l’aporie de Diodore et les systèmes philosophiques (Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1984). [Waterlow, 1982a] S. Waterlow. Nature, Change and Agency in Aristotle’s Physics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982). [Waterlow, 1982b] S. Waterlow. Passage and Possibility: A Study of Aristotle’s Modal Concepts (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982). [Wippel, 1985] J. F. Wippel. Divine Knowledge, Divine Power and Human Freedom in Thomas Aquinas and Henry of Ghent. In T. Rudavsky (ed.), Divine Omniscience and Omnipotence in Medieval Philosophy, Synthese Historical Library 25 (Dordrecht: Reidel), 213-41. [Yrjönsuuri, 2001] M. Yrjönsuuri, ed. Medieval Formal Logic: Obligations, Insolubles and Consequences, The New Synthese Historical Library 49 (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001).
TREATMENTS OF THE PARADOXES OF SELF-REFERENCE Mikko Yrjönsuuri In chapter II, 51 of Don Quixote, Miguel de Cervantes describes a curious case presented to Sancho Panza as the governor of the island Barataria. There was a river, a bridge, a gallows — and a law. According to the law, everyone crossing the bridge must first tell under oath where he is going. If he is truthful, he may pass freely, but if he lies, he will be hanged on the gallows. Now, a man is brought to Sancho after having taken the oath that he was going to be hanged on the gallows. The judges had been unable to solve the case, for if he was hanged, he had spoken the truth and thus should not have been hanged. And if he was not hanged, he lied, and thus should have been hanged. Even Sancho with his meager intellectual powers is able to see that the case is paradoxical. No solution would accord to the law. Cervantes did not invent the paradox himself. Instead it was developed in the medieval literature concerning the paradoxes of self-reference, and the formulation is so similar to certain medieval formulations that Cervantes must have got it in some way or other from the logicians. This is, of course, no surprise. Don Quixote draws upon many other philosophical discussions of the schools as well. Aristotle considers in Sophistical Refutations 25 (180a27–180b7) whether and in what sense a person who “swears that he will break his oath” can keep his oath, and claims that there are parallel arguments “as regards the problem whether the same man can at the same time say what is both false and true”. Although it is very difficult to judge whether Aristotle really had in mind genuine paradoxes of self-reference like the Liar, ‘this sentence is false’, many medieval authors refer to this passage as the context where Aristotle offers his solution of such paradoxes. There was, thus, a very authoritative source for connecting oaths to the context of self-referential paradoxes. It is a very distinctive characteristic of the general manner in which medieval authors discuss paradoxes of self reference that they are put into the framework of a supposed situation. In a typical, simple fourteenth-century version of the Liar, there is a person, Socrates, who begins speaking with the sentence ‘what Socrates says is false’, and says nothing more (cf., e.g. [Ockham, 1974, p. 744]). In this way, the paradoxes of self-reference are supposed to arise from something people do, not from linguistic constructions in abstracto. In this sense, an oath is a quite natural element to use in constructing a self-referential paradox. Clearly, oaths were not at the core of medieval discussions of these paradoxes. The core was the truth-predicate applied in such a way as to produce a paradox, Handbook of the History of Logic. Volume 2: Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic Dov M. Gabbay and John Woods (Editors) c○ 2007 Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.
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viii Preface It remains to be seen
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x Terence Parsons University of Cal
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2 John Marenbon which was new; the
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6 John Marenbon excusing himself fo
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8 John Marenbon translation, and he
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12 John Marenbon tingent. One way o
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28 John Marenbon possibility that t
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30 John Marenbon so it does seem li
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32 John Marenbon of substance or es
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34 John Marenbon it is certainly op
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36 John Marenbon it presents itself
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38 John Marenbon 4 THE DEVELOPMENT
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40 John Marenbon For day and light
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42 John Marenbon not, then, just a
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44 John Marenbon longer perform the
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46 John Marenbon position, but to a
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48 John Marenbon of the relationshi
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50 John Marenbon mother of Christ,
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52 John Marenbon and Boethius’s v
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54 John Marenbon (for w) as a word
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56 John Marenbon and his followers
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58 John Marenbon [Aristotle, 1966]
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60 John Marenbon [Green-Pedersen, 1
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62 John Marenbon [Martin, 1991] C.
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LOGIC AT THE TURN OF THE TWELFTH CE
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84 Ian Wilks question. 2 And second
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90 Ian Wilks standings of universal
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94 Ian Wilks understandings they ge
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96 Ian Wilks and further discussion
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98 Ian Wilks mental acts; general t
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100 Ian Wilks 1998a, p. 175]; he ca
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104 Ian Wilks be something for the
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106 Ian Wilks Whatever philosophica
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108 Ian Wilks Abelard’s preferenc
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110 Ian Wilks to represent the cont
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112 Ian Wilks bial construal of the
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114 Ian Wilks nal plus the three ne
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116 Ian Wilks these persons, and no
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118 Ian Wilks tents in the first fi
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120 Ian Wilks minor which then diff
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122 Ian Wilks supply these criteria
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124 Ian Wilks by this tendency. He
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126 Ian Wilks firm as genuine entai
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128 Ian Wilks between the anteceden
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130 Ian Wilks (extensionally) “eq
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132 Ian Wilks as appropriate for to
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134 Ian Wilks conditions under whic
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136 Ian Wilks am not an animal, I a
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138 Ian Wilks [Abelard, 1970, p. 49
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140 Ian Wilks catalogue of such pat
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142 Ian Wilks itself. The relations
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144 Ian Wilks The problem with this
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146 Ian Wilks Another Abelardian th
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148 Ian Wilks This indeed is the ap
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150 Ian Wilks commonplace in the tw
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152 Ian Wilks BIBLIOGRAPHY “[Abel
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154 Ian Wilks [Green-Pedersen, 1984
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156 Ian Wilks [Rosier-Catach, 1999]
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158 Terence Parsons Medieval author
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160 Terence Parsons “Some categor
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162 Terence Parsons Every A is B co
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164 Terence Parsons true. This may
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166 Terence Parsons Figure 1 (ch 4)
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168 Terence Parsons 1.7 Quantifying
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170 Terence Parsons Every A is B Ev
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172 Terence Parsons In modern logic
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174 Terence Parsons The purpose of
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176 Terence Parsons 2.3 Extending t
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178 Terence Parsons Infinitizing ne
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180 Terence Parsons that is not a m
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182 Terence Parsons rule says that
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186 Terence Parsons For example,
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192 Terence Parsons this is what Oc
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196 Terence Parsons He continues wi
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198 Terence Parsons Since Sherwood
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202 Terence Parsons The term ‘thi
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204 Terence Parsons proposition (fo
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208 Terence Parsons A bishop was gr
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210 Terence Parsons a natural intui
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212 Terence Parsons In both of thes
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214 Terence Parsons The subject is
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216 Terence Parsons I believe that
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222 Terence Parsons 7 MODES OF SUPP
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232 Terence Parsons 7.4 Locality Sh
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240 Terence Parsons The premise is
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250 Terence Parsons above, allowed
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252 Terence Parsons if the term is
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254 Terence Parsons 8.5 Modes cause
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258 Terence Parsons The reverse pri
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272 Terence Parsons Change every ma
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276 Terence Parsons Therefore, ‘d
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278 Terence Parsons [Dineen, 1990]
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280 Terence Parsons [Spade, 1988] P
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282 Henrik Lagerlund and references
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284 Henrik Lagerlund never very con
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292 Henrik Lagerlund (3.1.21) ‘Ev
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294 Henrik Lagerlund These five dif
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296 Henrik Lagerlund There are thre
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298 Henrik Lagerlund There is also
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300 Henrik Lagerlund about differen
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302 Henrik Lagerlund Such propositi
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304 Henrik Lagerlund He says that a
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310 Henrik Lagerlund Kilwardby. Nec
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316 Henrik Lagerlund This definitio
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322 Henrik Lagerlund On Predicables
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328 Henrik Lagerlund III. Every B i
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332 Henrik Lagerlund the conclusion
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334 Henrik Lagerlund (1) Differenti
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336 Henrik Lagerlund On Supposition
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338 Henrik Lagerlund On Fallacies T
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340 Henrik Lagerlund (5) ‘Both’
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342 Henrik Lagerlund substance ‘S
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344 Henrik Lagerlund [Averroes, 196
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346 Henrik Lagerlund [Patterson, 19
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348 Ria van der Lecq signification.
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350 Ria van der Lecq intellectus (c
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352 Ria van der Lecq the mind, extr
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354 Ria van der Lecq everyone, they
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364 Ria van der Lecq The second opi
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372 Ria van der Lecq the second hal
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374 Ria van der Lecq ‘second inte
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376 Ria van der Lecq the intellect
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378 Ria van der Lecq or ‘horsenes
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380 Ria van der Lecq that are real
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382 Ria van der Lecq it. 176 And wh
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384 Ria van der Lecq significance.
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386 Ria van der Lecq [Bacon, 1988]
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388 Ria van der Lecq [Rosier, 1983]
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390 Gyula Klima relations between l
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392 Gyula Klima regarded as attempt
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394 Gyula Klima . . . it is essenti
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396 Gyula Klima are supposed to be
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398 Gyula Klima m at t, namely, the
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400 Gyula Klima stead, representing
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402 Gyula Klima it is a substantial
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404 Gyula Klima of various ontologi
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406 Gyula Klima committed to positi
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408 Gyula Klima terance and knowing
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410 Gyula Klima does not have to me
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412 Gyula Klima namely, those to wh
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414 Gyula Klima Concepts and mental
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416 Gyula Klima signify all their s
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418 Gyula Klima provided they are n
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420 Gyula Klima So, when we say tha
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422 Gyula Klima context, the condit
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424 Gyula Klima semantic closure (i
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426 Gyula Klima a given situation i
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428 Gyula Klima This simple modific
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430 Gyula Klima in which the object
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LOGICINTHE14 th CENTURY AFTER OCKHA
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Logic in the 14 th Century after Oc
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1.2 A survey of the traditions Logi
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elsewhere, in particular in Italy.
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646 Petr Dvoˇrák 2 CARAMUEL’S L
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648 Petr Dvoˇrák ter characterist
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650 Petr Dvoˇrák ad extra as some
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654 Petr Dvoˇrák the two provided
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658 Petr Dvoˇrák view of relation
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660 Petr Dvoˇrák In dealing with
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662 Petr Dvoˇrák As has been said
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664 Petr Dvoˇrák Things, which ar
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PORT ROYAL: THE STIRRINGS OF MODERN
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704 Cassiodorus, 1, 2, 5, 22, 25 In
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706 determinate modality, 114 deter
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708 clear and distinct, 671 identir
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710 material essence realism, 86 Ma
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712 antiqua responsio, 440 nova res
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714 484, 552-556, 559 pseudo-Scotus
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716 narrow distributive, 267-276 pe
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718 Wyclif, J., 441, 442, 450, 452,
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