Nouvelles normalités Nouvelles pathologies Nouvelles ... - Psynem

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6° 6éme Congresso Congrès Européen Europeo de di Psicopatologia Psychopathologie dell’Infanzia de l’Enfance e et dell’Adolescenza de l’Adolescence Nuove Nouvelles normalità normalités Nuove Nouvelles patologie pathologies Nuove pratiche Nouvelles pratiques SATURDAY, May 7 WORKSHOPS Workshop 25 PMA, premature children and their development ATTACHMENT FORERUNNERS, DYADIC SENSITIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD IN FAMILIES WITH A PRETERM BORN BABY Franco Baldoni , Elisa Facondini, Nicola Romeo, Mattia Minguetti, Loredana Cena, Andrea Landini, Patricia Crittenden In our sample, mothers of preterm children are characterized by maternal behaviors apparently affective, but really controlling, intrusive or “not responsive”, i.e. not sensitive towards the child’s signals, particularly the negative ones. Only few of these mothers showed a sensitive pattern. The significance of this maternal attitude, for the development of the child, is still unclear. Regarding the possible effects of an excessive maternal stimulation, studies on premature children show different and frequently contradictory results and hypotheses. Some authors judge negatively an excessive maternal intrusion, considering it implies an overload of stimulations for the baby. Other authors consider it a type of compensation developed by the mother to fill the possible developmental difficulties of the premature baby. An interesting datum evidenced by this study is the high number of fathers of preterm children that show difficulties in interaction with the child (low dyadic sensitivity and insecure attachment forerunners at CARE-index) and other psychological risks factors (negative perception of the child, intense uncomfortable feeling during the first contact with it, depressive symptoms), even more frequent and intense than the mothers’. Moreover, mothers of preterm children showed a lesser couple adjustment, in particular lower levels of dyadic consensus with the partner (at DAS). These factors may affect negatively the mother-child-father relationship. Research evidenced a positive correlation between satisfaction in couple relation and quality of mother-child relation. Therefore, a valid help supplied by the father to the companion fosters a better motherchild relation. 428 Following attachment theory, an important male function, in perinatal period, seems to supply a secure base for his companion, helping her to overcome the difficulties, keeping the suffering at endurance levels and fostering the conditions by which the special relation between the mother and the baby can develop in an adequate way. In fact, preoccupied, too anxious or depressed fathers, or those with behavioural problems (pathological aggressiveness, alcoholism, addiction disorders) can be a handicap for the emotional equilibrium of their companion and for the good development of the relationship between mother and child (Das-Eiden, Leonard 1996; van IJzendoorn, De Wolff 1997; Luca, Bydlowsky 2001; Baldoni, Baldaro, Benassi 2009; Baldoni, Ceccarelli, 2010; Baldoni 2010a). A lack of this protective function can foster an affective disorder in the mother and negatively influence the attachment and psychomotor development of the child. Lower dyadic sensitivity and insecure attachment forerunners, in fathers, (independentely from the term or preterm birth of their child) resulted significantly correlated to a lower psychomotor development at all Bayley scales assessed at six months. Fathers of preterm children show also more significant stressful events in the last year that can remove them from couple and parental tasks, focusing them on external problems, rather than dedicating themselves to the family (Parke, 1996). The first data of this research underline the necessity of longitudinal studies on wide samples to assess internal working models (i.e. attachment styles) of preterm born children’s parents, their sensitivity in the relation with the child and
6° 6éme Congresso Congrès Européen Europeo de di Psicopatologia Psychopathologie dell’Infanzia de l’Enfance e et dell’Adolescenza de l’Adolescence Nuove Nouvelles normalità normalités Nuove Nouvelles patologie pathologies Nuove pratiche Nouvelles pratiques SATURDAY, May 7 WORKSHOPS Workshop 25 PMA, premature children and their development ATTACHMENT FORERUNNERS, DYADIC SENSITIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD IN FAMILIES WITH A PRETERM BORN BABY Franco Baldoni , Elisa Facondini, Nicola Romeo, Mattia Minguetti, Loredana Cena, Andrea Landini, Patricia Crittenden the link between parenting stress and quality of family attachment. These researches could check if parental behavior in these families is adaptive and transitory, or a negative trend that will influence the development of the child in the future. Conclusions This study confirms the research data concerning the influence of attachment style and relational capacities of both parents on psychomotor development of preterm born children and the attachment relationship between this and the mother. In particular, in fathers it shows a correlation between insecure attachment and low dyadic sensitivity with a low adjustment by the couple, the development of an infant’s insecure attachment and a manifestation of psychomotor difficulties in the preterm born child. The research will provide useful data for the development of preventive and treatment interventions, increasingly targeted and sustained over time, considering also the father figure and taking into account the specific developmental needs, the psychological difficulties of the preterm infant and its family, also considering eventual difficulties of the siblings (psychological help from the physician and nurses in the ward, assistance from a psychologist, psychoeducational groups, possible individual, couple or family counselling or therapy) (Baldoni et al. 2009; Cena, Imbasciati, Baldoni, 2010; Baldoni 2010b). It will be also possible to organize special training seminars and consulting meetings for operators of the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit to ensure a long-term monitoring of psychological and physical health of the premature born child and an appropriate psychological help for its family. 429 This study is funded by Italian PRIN 2007 as a nationally relevant research References Baldoni F. (2010a) Attachment, danger and role of the father in family life span. Transilvanian Journal of Psychology (Erdélyi Pszichológiai Szemle, EPSZ), 4, pp. 375- 402. Baldoni, F. (2010b): “Attachment relationships and psychosomatic development of the child in families with a preterm baby. A study in DMM perspective.” 2nd Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Attachment (IASA) (St. John’s College, Cambridge, UK, August 29-31 2010), pp. 1-15. Baldoni, F., Baldaro, B., Benassi, M. (2009): “Affective disorders and illness behaviour in perinatal period: correlations between fathers and mothers”, Child Development & Disabilities, XXXVI, Saggi, Vol. 3., pp. 25-44. Baldoni, F., Ceccarelli, L. (2010) “La depressione perinatale paterna. Una rassegna della ricerca clinica ed empirica”, Infanzia e Adolescenza, 9 (2), pp. 79-92. Baldoni, F., Facondini, E. , Minghetti, M. , Romeo, N. , Landini, A. , Crittenden, P.M. (2009): “Family attachment and psychosomatic development in preterm-born children”, Panminerva Medica, 51 (suppl. 1 to N.3), p. 7. Bayley, N. (2006): Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development - Terza edizione, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas. Bowlby, J. (1988): Una base sicura. Raffaello Cortina, Milano, 1989. Buist, A., Morse, C.A., Durkin, S. (2003): “Men’s Adjustment to Fatherhood: Implications for Obstetric Health Care”. JOGNN, 32: 172-180. Cena L., Imbasciati A., Baldoni F. (Eds.) (2010): La relazione genitore-bambino. Dalla psicoanalisi infantile alle nuove prospettive evoluzionistiche dell’attaccamento. Springer Verlag, Milano, 2010. Coppola, G., Cassibba, R. (2004): La prematurità: fattori di protezione e di rischio per la relazione madrebambino, Carocci Editore, Roma. Crittenden, P.M. (1979-2004): CARE-Index: Coding Manual, manoscritto non pubblicato, Miami, FL. Crittenden, P.M. (2000): “A Dynamic-Maturational Ap-
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