Semantischer Mehrwert und Multifunktionalität von ...

2 Gegenstand und Betrachtungsweisen der Phraseologie
innerhalb dessen zwei Idiomatizitätsfelder, das "lexemic stratum" und das
"sememic stratum", unterschieden werden können:
Any polylexonic lexeme which is made up of more
than one minimal free form or word (as defined by
morphotactic criteria) each lexon of which can occur in
other environments as the realization of a monolexonic
lexeme is a LEXEMIC IDIOM. Lexemic idioms differ
from other lexemes (especially monolexonic lexemes,
such as no, yes, who?, hot, dog, etc.) in that they are
subject to a possible lack of understanding despite
familiarity with the meanings of the components, or to
erroneous decoding: they can potentially mislead the
uninformed listener, or they can disinform him.
(Makkai 1972:122)
A polylexonic construction whose aggregate literal
meaning derived from its constituent lexemes functions
additionally as the realization of an unpredictable sememic
network is a SEMEMIC IDIOM. This complex,
unpredictable sememic network can be expressed on
the level of denotation, leaving connotation, suggestiveness
and the like aside, by the shortest standardized
autoglottic paraphrase of the construction in
question.
(Makkai 1972:128)
Makkai stellt fest, daß es für die Untersuchung von idioms am besten ist, "to
use the term idiom only for units realised by at least two morphemes" (Makkai
1972:58). Lexemic idioms sind darüber hinaus syntaktische Einheiten, deren
Bedeutungen nicht aus den Einzelbedeutungen ihrer syntaktischen Konstituenten
vorhersagbar sind und die je nach sprachlichem Kotext und außersprachlichem
Kontext eine wörtliche Bedeutung annehmen können. Vier Kriterien
sind nach Makkai zur Identifikation von lexemic idioms notwendig 40 :
(1) The presence of at least two free morphemes in a
given expression,
(2) the ability of these morphemes to function with
different meanings in more than one environment,
(3) the potential ambiguity of all idioms of decoding 41
arising from the possibility of literal interpretation,
40
Zusammenstellung nach Fernando/Flavell (1981:7). Zur Erläuterung und Kritik siehe auch
Coulmas (1981:44f.).
41
Eine weitere Unterscheidung trifft Makkai, indem er "idioms of decoding" von "idioms of
encoding" trennt: "Idioms of decoding (e.g. hot dog, red herring, to take the bull by the horns
etc.) are the real idioms as contrasted with idioms of encoding (e.g. to drive at 70 m.p.h., rather
than with, as in French or German), since they force the hearer to decode in one way rather
than another. It is these idioms of decoding that divide into the main idiomaticity areas, the
lexemic and the sememic" (Fernando/Flavell 1981:7). Beim Vorgang der Dekodierung ent-
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