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La généalogie de l'espace comme "champ de bataille ... - Archipel

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difference who occupies the White House, whether the Presi<strong>de</strong>nt lies about weapons of<br />

mass <strong>de</strong>struction, or even whether America illegally inva<strong>de</strong>s Iraq. These things are<br />

irrelevant because the "imperialist" character of the United States explains everything »<br />

(O'Meara, 2006: 18). Il avance également, <strong>comme</strong> Stoler et Kaplan, que nous retirons<br />

peu <strong>de</strong> valeur analytique d'une analyse <strong>de</strong> l'empire américain <strong>comme</strong> un empire<br />

« informel» (O'Meara, 2006: 4). Il écrit ainsi qu'<br />

Anchored in concrete but bygone historical conjunctures, forms of rule and resistance, cultural<br />

practices, and economic and state policies, such concepts refJect particular epistemological strategies<br />

whose contemporary validity can most charitably be <strong>de</strong>scribed as questionable. Thus, whether<br />

conceived as 'informai' or as <strong>de</strong>centred or 'without an address', notions of American 'empire' and US<br />

imperialism are, at best, little more than weak historical analogies. They may furnish moral comfort<br />

to both the proponents and opponents of current US policy, but they obfuscate more than they reveal,<br />

and are thus confusing and misleading categories through which to analyse the emerging global or<strong>de</strong>r,<br />

let alone act within it (O'Meara, 2006 : 18; en italiques dans l'original).<br />

En ayant en tête ces critiques, il faut éviter <strong>de</strong> faire une distinction qui ne serait que<br />

sémantique: il nous faut expliquer pourquoi nous choisissons un terme et en rejetant un<br />

autre. Il faut pouvoir justifier l'utilisation du langage impérial pour parler <strong>de</strong>s États­<br />

Unis. De dire 1'historien George Steinmetz:<br />

The discourse of empire is also part of the very object we need to analyze if we want to un<strong>de</strong>rstand<br />

what mo<strong>de</strong>m empire is and how the United States relates to this category. Social theorists nowadays<br />

tend to agree that social life is inextricably a matter of discourse as weil as material processes (of<br />

production, domination, exploitation, etc.). The <strong>de</strong>pietion of the United States as an empire within<br />

sorne comers of aca<strong>de</strong>me and the foreign-policy establishment is not just an epiphenomenal<br />

counterpart to more substantial political <strong>de</strong>velopments; instead, it is a performative bid to make<br />

visible what was often historically hid<strong>de</strong>n or euphemized as <strong>de</strong>mocracy, rree tra<strong>de</strong>, and human rights<br />

(Steinmetz, 2006 : 138).<br />

Il faut d'ailleurs souligner que l'usage <strong>de</strong> l'empire dans le débat savant est autant<br />

politique qu'analytique, c'est pourquoi certains parlent même d'un débat politique sur<br />

la comparaison (politics ofcomparison) (Stoler, 2006c). Or, pour <strong>de</strong>s raisons que nous<br />

expliquons en détails dans cette section, nous refusons <strong>de</strong> nous engager dans cette voie<br />

comparative, en sachant que l'on pourrait discréditer cette interprétation qui, refusant<br />

<strong>de</strong> se prêter aujeu <strong>de</strong> la comparaison avec les autres puissances impériales <strong>de</strong> l'histoire,<br />

donne l'impression <strong>de</strong> souscrire à une vision <strong>de</strong> l'empire américain <strong>comme</strong> étant<br />

exceptionnelle dans son évolution historique.<br />

133

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