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D e m o c r a c y P r o j e c t ke dalam Pancasila—Indonesia tidak menyingkirkan agama dari masalah-masalah kenegaraan. 108 Meskipun demikian, penting dicatat bahwa sebagai entitas politik yang bersatu, Indonesia saat itu sangat lemah. 109 Dilihat dari perspektif teori negara, Indonesia saat itu jelas telah jatuh ke “titik terendah dalam hal kemampuan-[nya] memperoleh kontrol sosial dan efektivitasnya dalam mendistribusikan sumber-sumber.” 110 Ketidakmampuan negara untuk “mempenetrasi” masyarakat, untuk “mengatur” hubungan-hubungannya dengan berbagai pengelompokan sosial-politik, dan untuk “menggali” serta “mendistribusikan” baik sumberdaya manusia maupun sumberdaya alam dalam cara-cara yang kurang-lebih tegas, turut menyebabkan munculnya beberapa gejolak sosial-politik yang amat merepotkan kepemimpinan nasional. 111 Beberapa contoh yang terkenal dari gejolak-gejolak itu adalah pemberontakan Darul Islam (DI), Pemerintah Revolu- 108 Mohammad Natsir, Some Observations Concerning the Role of Islam in National and International Affairs, Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Department of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell University, 1954, h. 1. 109 Lihat Benedict R.O’G. Anderson, “Old State, New Society: Indonesia’s New Order in Comparative Historical Perspective,” Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XLII, No. 3, May 1983, hh. 480-486; R. William Liddle, “Soeharto’s Indonesia: Personal Rule and Political Institutions,” Pacific Affairs, Vol. 58, No. 1, Spring 1985, hh. 71- 85; Arief Budiman, “The Emergence of Bureaucratic Capitalist State in Indonesia,” Lim Teck Ghee (ed.), Reflections on Development in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1988, hh. 115-118. 110 Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, h. 261. 111 Istilah-istilah, baik yang dikutip maupun yang bukan, berasal dari Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States, h. 4. 0 — Bahtiar Effendy
D e m o c r a c y P r o j e c t sioner Republik Indonesia (PRRI), dan Perjuangan Semesta Alam (Permesta). 112 Untuk sebagian besar, gejolak-gejolak tersebut merupakan akibat langsung dari ketidakmampuan pemerintah pusat untuk mendapatkan loyalitas yang kuat dari kalangan elite politik regional tertentu. Meskipun demikian, hanya gerakan-gerakan DI saja yang dikibarkan “di bawah bendera Islam.” Dengan mengibarkan bendera Islam itu, meskipun disampaikan dalam cara-cara yang berbeda dan dilatarbelakangi oleh penalaran yang juga berbeda, selain juga dilakukan tanpa persetujuan arus utama pemimpin dan aktivis Islam politik, DI menghidupkan kembali diskursus ideologis-politis tentang Islam dan negara yang formalistik dan legalistik. Di Jawa Barat, gerakan DI lebih disebabkan oleh ketidaksetujuan Kartosuwirjo terhadap para pemimpin Republik Indonesia daripada kesadaran teologis-politisnya. Benar bahwa ia pertamakali memproklamasikan berdirinya negara Islam pada 14 Agustus 1945. Tetapi, menyusul proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia pada 17 Agustus 1945, ia melepaskan aspirasinya itu dan mendukung 112 Untuk pembahasan mengenai pemberontakan-pemberontakan ini, lihat Herbert Feith and Daniel S. Lev, “The End of Indonesian Rebellion,” Pacific Affairs, 36, No. 1, Spring 1963; John D. Legge, Central Authority and Regional Autonomy in Indonesia, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 196l; Audrey Kahin (ed.), Regional Dynamics of the Indonesian Revolution: Unity from Diversity, Honolulu: Hawaii University Press, 1985; Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin, The Republican Revolt: A Study of the Acehnese Rebellion, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985; C. van Dijk, Rebellion under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam in Indonesia, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981; Eric Eugene Morris, “Islam and Polilics in Aceh. A Study of Center-Periphery Relations in Indonesia,” disertasi doktor, Cornell University, 1983; Barbara S. Harvey, Permesta: Half A Rebellion, Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, 1977; Ichlasul Amal, Regional and Central Government in Indonesian Politics: West Sumatra and South Sulawesi 1949-1979, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1992. — Islam dan Negara
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