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13:2 - Allah is He Who raised the heavens without any pillars that ye can see; is firmly established
on the throne (of authority); He has subjected the sun and the moon (to His law)! each one
runs (its course) for a term appointed. He doth regulate affairs explaining the Signs in detail
that ye may believe with certainty in the meeting with your Lord. 1800180118021803
1800 Should we construe the clause "that ye can see" to refer to "pillars" or "to the heavens"? Either is admissible, but I
prefer the former. The heavens are supported on no pillars that we can see. What we see is the blue vault of heaven,
but there are invisible forces or conditions created by Allah, which should impress us with His power and glory. (13.2)
1801 Cf. x. 3, and n. 1386. We must not think that anything came into being by itself or carries out its functions by itself.
Allah is the Creator from Whom everything has its life and being and through Whom everything is maintained and
supported, even though fixed laws are established for its regulation and government. The "term appointed" limits the
duration of their functioning: its ultimate return is to Allah, as its beginning proceeded from Allah. (13.2)
1801 Cf. x. 31, n. 1425. Where the laws of nature are fixed, and everything runs according to its appointed course, the
government and regulation behind it is still that of Allah. Where there is limited free will as in man, yet the ultimate
source of man's faculties is Allah. Allah cares for His creatures. He does not, as in the idea of polytheistic Greece, sit
apart on Olympus, careless of His creatures. (13.2)
14:33 - And He hath made subject to you the sun and the moon both diligently pursuing their
courses: and the Night and the Day hath He (also) made subject to you. 1909
1909 The sun gives out heat, which is the source of all life and energy on this planet, and produces the seasons of the year,
by utilising which man can supply his needs, not only material, but immaterial in the shape of light, health, and other
blessings. The sun and the moon together produce tides, and are responsible for atmospheric changes which are of
the highest importance in the life of man. The succession of Day and Night is due to the apparent daily course of the
sun through the skies; and the cool light of the moon performs other services different from those of warm day-light.
Because there are laws here, which man can understand and calculate, he can use all such things for his own service,
and in that sense the heavenly bodies are themselves made subject to him by Allah's command. (14.33)
16:12 - He has made subject to you the Night and the Day; the Sun and the Moon; and the Stars
are in subjection by His Command: verily in this are Signs for men who are wise. 2031
2031 The Night and the Day are caused by astronomical rotations. What is important for man to note is how Allah has given
intelligence to man to make use of this alternation for work and rest; how man can, as soon as he rises from the
primitive stage, get over their inequalities by artificial illuminants, such as vegetable or mineral oils, coal, gas, or
electricity, which ultimately are derived from the stored-up energy of the sun; how the sun's heat can be tempered by
various artificial means and can be stored up for use by man as required, how man can be independent of the tides
caused by the moon and the sun, which formerly controlled navigation, but which no longer stand in man's way, with
his artificial harbours and great sea-going ships, how navigation was formerly subject to direct observation of the Polar
Star and other stars, but how the magnetic needle and charts have now completely altered the position, and man can
calculate and to a certain extent control magnetic variations, etc. In such ways the sun, the moon, and the stars
themselves become useful servants to him, all by Allah's gift and His Command, without which there would have been
no laws governing them and no intelligence to make use of them. (16.12)
20:130 - Therefore be patient with what they say and celebrate (constantly) the praises of thy Lord
before the rising of the sun and before its setting; yea celebrate them for part of the hours of
the night and at the sides of the day: that thou mayest have (spiritual) joy. 26542655
2654 All good men must be patient with what seems to them evil around them. That does not mean that they should sit still
and do nothing to destroy evil; for the fight against evil is one of the cardinal points in Islam. What they are told is that
they must not be impatient: they must pray to Allah and commune with Him, so that their patience and faith may be
strengthened, and they may be able the better to grapple with evil. For they thus not only get strength in this world but
pleasure of Allah in the Hereafter as well. (20.130)
2655 Taraf, plural atraf, may mean sides, ends, extremities. If the day be compared to a tubular figure standing erect, the
top and bottom are clearly marked, but the sides are not so clearly marked: they would be atraf (plural), not tarafain
(dual). Now the prayer before sunrise is clearly Fajr; that before sunset is Asr: "part of the hours of the night" would
indicate Magrib (early night, just after sunset), and Isha, before going to bed. There is left Zuhr, which is in the
indefinite side or middle of the day : it may be soon after the sun's decline from noon, but there is considerable latitude
about the precise hour. The majority of Commentators interpret in favour of the five Canonical prayers, and some
include optional prayers. But I think the words are even more comprehensive. A good man's life is all one sweet Song
of Praise to Allah. (20.130)
21:33 - It is He Who created the Night and the Day and the sun and the moon: all (the celestial
bodies) swim along each in its rounded course. 2695
2695 I have indicated, unlike most translators, the metaphor of swimming implied in the original words: how beautiful it is to
contemplate the heavenly bodies swimming through space (or ether) in their rounded courses before our gaze!
(21.33)
22:18 - Seest thou not that to Allah bow down in worship all things that are in the heavens and on
earth the sun the moon the stars; the hills the trees the animals; and a great number among
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