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332 It is desirable that the men (or women) who are chosen as witness should be from the circle to which the parties
belong, as they would best be able to understand the transaction, and be most easily available if their evidence is
required in future. (2.282)
3:18 - There is no god but He: that is the witness of Allah His angels and those endued with
knowledge standing firm on justice. There is no god but He the Exalted in Power the Wise. 358
358 Allah Himself speaks to us through His revelations (through angels) and through His Creation, for all Nature glorifies
Allah. No thinking mind, if it only judges the matter fairly, can fail to find the same witness in his own heart and
conscience. All this points to the Unity of Allah, His exalted nature, and His wisdom. (3.18)
3:81 - Behold! Allah took the covenant of the Prophets saying: "I give you a Book and Wisdom; then
comes to you an Apostle confirming what is with you; do ye believe him and render him help."
Allah said: "Do ye agree and take this My Covenant as binding on you?" They said: "We
agree." He said: "Then bear witness and I am with you among the witnesses." 416
416 Cf. ii. 63. n. 78. The argument is: You (People of the Book) are bound by your own oaths, sworn solemnly in the
presence of your own Prophets. In the Old Testament as it now exists, Muhammad is foretold in Deut. xviii. 18: and
the rise of the Arab nation in Isaiah. xlii. 11. for Kedar was a son of Ismail and the name is used for the Arab nation: in
the New Testament as it now exists. Muhammad is foretold in the Gospel of St. John. xiv. 16, xv. 26, and xvi. 7: the
future Comforter cannot be the Holy Spirit as understood by Christians, because the Holy Spirit already was present,
helping and guiding Jesus. The Greek word translated "Comforter" is "Paracletos", which is an easy corruption from
"Periclytos", which is almost a literal translation of "Muhammad" or "Ahmad": see Q lxi. 6. Further, there were other
Gospels that have perished, but of which traces still remain, which were even more specific in their reference to
Muhammad; e.g., the Gospel of St. Barnabas, of which an Italian translation is extant in the State Library at Vienna. It
was edited in 1907 with an English translation by Mr. Lonsdale and Laura Ragg. (3.81)
4:6 - Make trial of orphans until they reach the age of marriage; if then ye find sound judgment in
them release their property to them; but consume it not wastefully nor in haste against their
growing up. If the guardian is well-off let him claim no remuneration but if he is poor let him
have for himself what is just and reasonable. When ye release their property to them take
witnesses in their presence: but all-sufficient is Allah in taking account. 512513
513 It is good to take human witnesses when you faithfully discharge your trust; but remember that, however fully you
satisfy your fellow-men when you give your account to them, there is a stricter account due from you to Allah. If you
are righteous in Allah's eyes, you must follow these stricter standards. (4.6)
4:15 - If any of your women are guilty of lewdness take the evidence of four (reliable) witnesses
from amongst you against them; and if they testify confine them to houses until death do claim
them or Allah ordain for them some (other) way. 523524525
523 Most commentators understand this to refer to adultery or fornication; in that case they consider that the punishment
was altered by the later verse, xxiv. 2. (4.15)
524 To protect the honor of women, stricter evidence is required, i.e., the evidence of four instead of the usual two
witnesses. It is the same for adultery (see xxiv. 4.). (4.15)
525 Keep them in prison until some definite order is received. Those who take the crime to be adultery or fornication
construe this definite order ("some other way") to mean some definite pronouncement by the Prophet under
inspiration; this was the punishment of flogging under xxiv. 2, for fornication, and stoning to death under the Prophet's
directives for adultery. (4.15)
4:41 - How then if We brought from each people a witness and We brought thee as a witness
against these people! 560
560 Each Prophet and Leader is a witness for his People and his contemporaries-for those who accept Allah, and against
those who reject Him. (4.41)
4:79 - Whatever good (O man!) happens to thee is from Allah; but whatever evil happens to thee is
from thy (own) soul. And We have sent thee as an Apostle to (instruct) mankind: and enough
is Allah for a witness. 598
598 To blame a man of God for our misfortunes is doubly unjust. For he comes to save us from misfortune, and it is
because we flout him or pay no heed to him, that our own rebellion, brings its own punishment. If we realise this truth
we shall be saved from two sins: (1) the sin of injustice to Allah's Messengers, who come for our good, and not for our
harm: (2) the sin of not realising our own shortcomings or rebellion, and thus living in spiritual darkness. If the
Message is from Allah, that carries its own authority: "enough is Allah for a witness." (4.79)
4:135 - O ye who believe! stand out firmly for justice as witnesses to Allah even as against
yourselves or your parents or your kin and whether it be (against) rich or poor: for Allah can
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