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75:1 - I do call to witness the Resurrection Day; 5809
5809 Cf. lxx. 40, and n. 5700. Here the point to be enforced is understood. The appeal is made to two considerations: (1)
That every act has to be accounted for, and evil must have its recompense at the Resurrection; and (2) that man's
own spirit has a conscience which would reproach him for sin, if he did not suppress that inner voice. (75.1)
75:2 - And I do call to witness the self-reproaching spirit; (eschew Evil). 5810
5810 Our doctors postulate three states or stages of the development of the human soul: (1) Ammara (xii. 53), which is
prone to evil, and, if not checked and controlled, will lead to perdition; (2) Lawwama, as here, which feels conscious of
evil, and resists it, asks for Allah's grace and pardon after repentance and tries to amend; it hopes to reach salvation;
(3) Mutmainna (lxxxix 27), the highest stage of all, when it achieves full rest and satisfaction. Our second stage may
be compared to Conscience, except that in English usage Conscience is a faculty and not a stage in spiritual
development. (75.2)
81:15 - So verily I call to witness the planets that recede 59845985
5984 Cf. lvi. 75, n. 5258, for the witness that the heavenly bodies bear to the power, beauty, and goodness of Allah, in
sending His Revelation. See n. 5798 to lxxiv. 32, for the significance of an adjuration in the Qur-an. (81.15)
5985 The appeal here is made to three things, the Planets, the Night, and the Dawn. (1) The Planets have a retrograde and
a forward motion, and, during occultation, hide or disappear behind the sun or moon, or are otherwise invisible or
appear stationary. They behave differently from the millions of stars around them. Yet they are not mere erratic
bodies, but obey definite laws, and evidence the power and wisdom of Allah. (81.15)
85:3 - By one that witnesses and the subject of the witness 6054
6054 The literal meaning is clear, but its metaphorical application has been explained in a variety of ways by different
Commentators. The words are fairly comprehensive, and should, I think, be understood in connection with Judgment.
There the Witnesses may be: (1) the Prophets (iii. 81); Allah Himself (iii. 81, and x. 61); the Recording Angels (I. 21);
the Sinner's own misused limbs (xxiv. 24); his record of deeds (xvii. 14); or the Sinner himself (xvii. 14). The subject of
the witness may be the deed or crime, or the Sinner against whom the testimony cries out. The appeal to these things
means that the Sinner cannot possibly escape the consequences of his crime. He should repent, seek Allah's Mercy,
and amend his life. (85.3)
85:7 - And they witnessed (all) that they were doing against the Believers.
85:9 - Him to Whom belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth! and Allah is Witness to all
things. 6057
6057 It is suggested that the persecutors will richly deserve to be punished in the Fire of Hell. That Punishment will be far
more real and lasting than the undeserved cruelty which they inflicted on men for their Faith in the One True God.
(85.9)
90:1 - I do call to witness this City 6130
6130 The appeal to the close ties between the holy Prophet and his parent City of Makkah has been explained in the
Introduction to this Sura. It is a symbol of man's own history. Man is born for toil and struggle, and this is the
substantive proposition in verse 4 below, which this appeal leads up to. (90.1)
Al-Muwatta Hadith
Hadith 36.7
Judgement Based on Oaths with One Witness
Malik related to me that he heard that Abu Salama ibn Abd ar-Rahman and Sulayman ibn Yasar were both asked, "Does one
pronounce judgement on the basis of an oath with one witness?" They both said, "Yes."
Malik said, "The precedent of the sunna in judging by an oath with one witness is that if the plaintiff takes an oath with his
witness, he is confirmed in his right. If he draws back and refuses to take an oath, the defendant is made to take an oath. If
he takes an oath, the claim against him is dropped. If he refuses to take an oath, the claim is confirmed against him."
Malik said, "This procedure pertains to property cases in particular. It does not occur in any of the hadd-punishments, nor in
marriage, divorce, freeing slaves, theft or slander. If some one says, 'Freeing slaves comes under property,' he has erred. It is
not as he said. Had it been as he said, a slave could take an oath with one witness, if he could find one, that his master had
freed him……..
Sahih Bukhari Hadith Subjects
Witnesses
1. The plaintiff to produce a proof
2. Saying: "I do not know except good about him"
B 3.805
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