C. Wiebes - Intelligence en de oorlog in Bosnië 1992-1995. De rol van de inlichtingen- en veiligheidsdiensten - Engels

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124told by the Head of the MIS that the Minister’s eye had been drawn to a number of wordings that in hisview showed too much sympathy for Serbian military action in Kosovo. 584MIS/Air Force analysts confirmed that there was indeed sometimes an element of politicizedintelligence in the direction of the senior military officers and ministry officials. MIS/Army officialslikewise stated that intelligence was sometimes used in support of the ‘good guys’ versus ‘bad guys’scenario. 585 Certain politically sensitive issues were sometimes dropped from the weekly intelligencesummaries. The overall climate dictated that the reporting to the leadership of the Ministry of Defencehad to be ‘politically correct’. Therefore what went to the senior officers and officials was ‘politicizedintelligence’. Examples included the mortar attack in Sarajevo or the secret flights to Tuzla. While therewere no instructions that reports should be politically correct, the politicized aspects still crept ingradually and unconsciously. 586Almost all the MIS officials interviewed admitted that account was taken of pro-Bosniaattitudes at senior political and military level within the Ministry. The prevailing political preferencedefinitely influenced perceptions. It was repeatedly pointed out that foreign intelligence sources, such asthe NATO network LOCE, were also not entirely free of a political pro-Bosnia slant. 587 On the subjectof political intelligence a former head of the MIS/Army stated that ‘as far as I am concerned it shouldnot’ have existed. But he too had to admit that the political mood was indeed taken into account. Forinstance, he was able to recall that once after Srebrenica he had given Voorhoeve a Serbian book on theABiH hit and run operations from Srebrenica to the surrounding villages with Bosnian Serb residents.The Minister did not appear particularly pleased. 588Voorhoeve obtained no intelligence via a direct connection with the Head of the MIS. Therewas no structural contact; the Head almost never met Voorhoeve. Neither was there a particularlyregular pattern of reporting. The Head reported to the Minister via the CDS and the Secretary-General.The Head always sent memos destined for the Minister via the Secretary-General, as in December1994, when it was reported to Voorhoeve that the VRS and Croatian Serbs had approximately 140American Stinger anti-aircraft missiles at their disposal. The presence of these arms could represent anadditional risk to Dutch air operations over Yugoslavia. 589The limited frequency of the contacts was partly due to the CDS’s conviction that the Head ofthe MIS was under his authority. Voorhoeve changed this situation by summoning the Head directly ona couple of occasions. He had the impression that the CDS and the Secretary-General did not think thiswas normal. Voorhoeve requested the new Head, Knapp, to provide him with intelligence moreregularly, and to draw up a periodic summary of all relevant international intelligence. This happenedfrom mid 1995. Voorhoeve then received an Intelligence Summary (IntSum) two or three times aweek. 590 To sum up briefly, the MIS/CO played no central role in the ‘daily political life’ of theMinisters Ter Beek and Voorhoeve.10. The MIS and Military SecurityIn addition to an intelligence component, the MIS/CO also had a security component in the form ofthe Military Security Bureau. On the one hand, its task came down to carrying out securityinvestigations as part of the defensive counterintelligence task. The aim was to ensure the integrity andreliability of defence personnel. On the other hand, this bureau concentrated on collecting data thatwere necessary to guarantee military security. This consisted of gathering data on people and584 MoD, Archive Private Office of the Minister, Voorhoeve to HMID, No. 1000, 26/06/98.585 Confidential interview (34).586 Confidential interview (37).587 Confidential interview (26).588 Confidential interview (36).589 MoD, Archive Memorandums Min Def 958 - 962, HMID Kok to the Minister, No. DIS/94/095/2534, 01/12/94.590 Interview with J. Voorhoeve, 01/10/01.
125organizations that could possibly inflict damage on the security or readiness of the Armed Forces. Amilitary security officer was therefore also responsible for activities that were geared towards protectinghis own units (personnel and equipment) against sabotage, subversion, terrorism and espionage. 591 Thiswas a combination of defensive and offensive counterintelligence work. Osint, Humint and Sigint wereavailable for the execution of all these tasks. 592In order to carry out this task, the MIS/CO included a Counterintelligence and SecurityDepartment, and together with the Security Bureaus of the MISs of the three Armed Forces thisformed the Security component. As with the intelligence component, the nature of the security task haschanged drastically since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Although Russian services are still monitored, andaccount is still taken of antimilitarist actions, the attention has shifted somewhat. Foreign intelligenceservices were also active in areas where Dutch soldiers were deployed in peacekeeping operations andas such could constitute a threat.The Counterintelligence Bureau within the Counterintelligence and Security Department hadtwo components: a Counterintelligence Section with 3 analysts (from the Army, Navy and Air Force)and an Operations Section. In September 1992, the Head of the MIS, Duijn, made a start on setting upan Operations Department, under the control of the Counterintelligence Bureau. The formal objectiveof the Operations Department was the acquisition of high grade, not freely accessible information viaHumint and technical resources. The operational activities consisted of planning, tracing, approaching,training, securing, running and controlling human sources, and using them with Humint-relatedtechnical resources. 593 This section started with 12 and gradually expanded to 50 people. Originally itwas only concerned with counterintelligence, but later it also became involved in intelligence gatheringoperations at home and abroad.From the outset, the collaboration between the Counterintelligence Bureau and the OperationsDepartment was not as good as it could have been. There were different views on counterintelligencework. The Operations Department also did not want to share all its intelligence with the Bureau, andallowed no access to its sources; only finished intelligence was issued. In August 1993, the OperationsDepartment started drawing up an outline for taking over the tasks of the Foreign Intelligence Service(IDB). The MIS/CO Operations Department had a close relationship with the National SecurityService (BVD). Within the MIS/CO, various sections within the counterintelligence domain were thenmerged to form a department of 24 people.594Initially the Operations Department had nothing to offerin the way of intelligence. In connection with the rapidly escalating situation in Yugoslavia, the Head ofthe MIS therefore asked the Minister whether the MIS/CO could be permitted to take a more‘offensive’ approach in other countries.As outlined above, the Ministerial Committee for the Intelligence and Security Services(MICIV) had determined in 1993 to hand over the tasks of the IDB to the MIS and BVD and that inprinciple the MIS and BVD would only be allowed to use ‘passive’ human sources in the Netherlands.Only if necessitated by the national interest could ‘offensive’ use be made of human sources. In brief,actively recruiting agents and operating with agents and sources in other countries was subject torestrictions. The Head of the MIS at the time, Kok, therefore advocated a more active use of Humint,partly because the information position of the MIS/CO was insufficient. He also referred to themeeting of the Committee on the United Intelligence Services in the Netherlands (CVIN) of 17February 1994. There it was established unanimously that, in view of the involvement in the conflict inYugoslavia, the national interest was then such that a more active use of human sources was required.This might involve stepping up the interrogation in Bosnia of Displaced Persons, soldiers and other595Dutch citizens stationed in the conflict region. However, Kok was not given the go-ahead to operate591 MoD, Archive MIS/Army, DOKL/IV, Col. J. Mulder to Head AI MI S , Col. B. Werger, 23/02/96.592 Engelen, De Militaire Inlichtingendienst, pp. 148 - 151 and Kluiters, Supplement, pp. 131 - 132.593 MoD, Archive MIS/CO,Folder 438-0420 , Head AO to HMID, Annual plan 1997 of the Operations Department, No. AO 960708, 06/1/97.594 Confidential interviews (19 ) , ( 29 ) and ( 25).595 MoD, Archive CDS, Commodore P.C. Kok to Minister Voorhoeve, No. DIS/94/095/398, 18/02/94.
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Srebrenica: a ‘safe’ areaAppend
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CIC - Current Intelligence CentreCI
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7SCS - Special Collection ServiceSE
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9still active staff of intelligence
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11Chapter 1The United Nations and I
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13with setting the objectives of gr
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15gathered, organized and analysed
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17The second phase in the intellige
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19can also be or become intelligenc
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21additional financial and other in
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23undermined the idea that the inte
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25that the safety of their personne
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27to generate an all-source perspec
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29in all, Van Kappen found it a ‘
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31The first step taken by the Bush
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33Virginia, where it was decided wh
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35a dual responsibility to support
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37had indications that this attack
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39example, the following is contain
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41played an important role. For thi
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43any indication of action taken. T
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45verification flights by unmanned
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47NATO’s most important troop-con
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49strategic systems were revamped t
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51Another problem was that good (no
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53American National Reconnaissance
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55Soviet Union’s intercontinental
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574. The perception and information
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59not detract from the fact that
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62intelligence officers even told t
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64the mandate differently or which
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67atrocities but the Bosnian Serbs
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70Republika Srpska. The work was no
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72from the fact that the Direction
Page 74 and 75: 74involved in intelligence activiti
Page 76 and 77: 76Forces were said to have received
Page 78 and 79: 78exchange, then generally speaking
Page 80 and 81: 80Chapter 3Dutch intelligence and s
Page 82 and 83: 82reorganization of the MIS. In 199
Page 84 and 85: 84commotion flaring up within the s
Page 86 and 87: 86intelligence. 394 Until that time
Page 88 and 89: 88their relief goods for Bosnia tha
Page 90 and 91: 90The BVD collaborated closely on Y
Page 94 and 95: 94cutbacks recommended by the Van I
Page 97 and 98: 97information without compromising
Page 99 and 100: 99Yugoslavia did not prove to be a
Page 101 and 102: 101MIS/CO. Intelligence sharing wit
Page 103 and 104: 103German, Italian and Danish intel
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Page 107 and 108: 107that an insight was obtained usi
Page 109 and 110: 109They made civil and military ris
Page 111 and 112: 111In other words, the flow of info
Page 113 and 114: 113three tasks: looking for indicat
Page 115 and 116: 115In reality the MIS/Army function
Page 117 and 118: 117his benefit, and many others. It
Page 119 and 120: 119too. This had already been estab
Page 121 and 122: 121negative assessment: not to go t
Page 123: 123capacity of the UN, but as descr
Page 127 and 128: 127Department, the Counterintellige
Page 129 and 130: 129MIS/Air Force officer went to Tu
Page 131 and 132: 131entering into close relationship
Page 133 and 134: 133One envelope contained several f
Page 135 and 136: 135any indications of continuous gu
Page 137 and 138: 137more and more clear, turned a de
Page 139 and 140: 139intended to monitor the border c
Page 141 and 142: 141opinion. 665 After Croatia had n
Page 143 and 144: 143Lake’s statement. 676 As a Can
Page 145 and 146: 145engage these countries, but each
Page 147 and 148: 147Later that day, Galbraith report
Page 149 and 150: 149form of photos taken by spy sate
Page 151 and 152: 151In the summer and autumn of 1994
Page 153 and 154: 153starting to have concerns about
Page 155 and 156: 155preferred provider of weapons to
Page 157 and 158: 157Because of the logistical useful
Page 159 and 160: 159An Islamic humanitarian organiza
Page 161 and 162: 161and 1 rocket launcher for a TF-8
Page 163 and 164: 163the convoys from Croatia with ar
Page 165 and 166: 165The attempt at a cover-upAs ment
Page 167 and 168: 167Force Commander and with General
Page 169 and 170: 169urging it, because they suspecte
Page 171 and 172: 171General and researcher, Brendan
Page 173 and 174: 173mm guns, 2000 pistols, 211,000 h
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175divergent opinions on the Serbia
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177had total freedom of movement al
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179violations were observed. These
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181and Jugoslavija Publik. Accordin
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183command and the rival Iranian, S
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185much contact with the population
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187from the enclave a total of 140
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189The third party country strategy
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191the warring factions, namely tha
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193Chapter 5The Signals Intelligenc
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195In addition Comint can be import
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197policymakers, however. As a resu
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199A second disadvantage of Sigint,
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201All efforts can of course also b
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203125 linguists to provide transla
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205time intercepts involved here we
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207conclusion that the contribution
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209happened during the Gulf War, wh
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211The Gulf War showed that there w
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213Despite this reservation there i
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215The NSA and CIA, as well as GCHQ
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217million messages, sent via Intel
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219Zagreb, Morgan, - Svensson was o
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221Monitoring targets in SerbiaOffi
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223jar’, said an US intelligence
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225Naturally the Serbs had taken pr
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227confirmed that monitoring walkie
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229The same month new articles appe
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231‘They more or less admitted th
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233have been part of a Bosnian gove
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235get O’Grady out of Bosnian Ser
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237as the Balkans. Two to three yea
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239Comint archive and other archive
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241Bokhoven Couzy supported him in
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243communications traffic of UNPROF
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245Moreover, the NSA is reported to
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247The role of the Netherlands: no
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249made by Krstic and other Bosnian
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251messages, which were intercepted
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253later treetops were used. Throug
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255Conclusions on the interception
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257equipment, planned operations, t
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259made it impossible to follow the
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261community that the situation was
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263commander of the Bosnian-Serb Dr
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265to headquarters. The Comint oper
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267Intelligence Community had no ac
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269aid being sent to Sarajevo. Both
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271established in 1991, also receiv
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273crypto telephone and fax with th
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275to Baxter, the Military Assistan
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277Chapter 7Imagery Intelligence in
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2792. What instruments were availab
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281would leave around 18 hours out
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283and has provided policy-makers w
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285operational in Bosnia, like the
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287lines and troop movements. After
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289around Sarajevo and Gorazde. Thi
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291that especially American, French
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293So, it would have been impossibl
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2953. With whom was imagery intelli
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297available. 1606 The head of the
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299war crimes had probably been per
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301a US national asset (unknow is w
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303Mostar and loitered in Zepa area
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305Albright shows the photosOn 10 A
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307was taken some time in 1999, eve
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309tracking the civilian toll had v
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311solution to such problems in ad
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313Chapter 8Was ‘Srebrenica’ an
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315gathered intelligence, then it m
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317the VRS attack should aim to tak
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319In January 1995 a European intel
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321stated that the deployment of th
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323The Military Intelligence Servic
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325by the Norwegian Brigadier Gener
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327Bosnian Serbs decided that they
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329the enclaves in the very near fu
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331enclave was seriously confined b
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333The VRS’s most important commu
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335archives, together with intervie
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337the hills and mountains along th
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339from Sarajevo, because they were
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341The UN headquarters in New YorkT
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343Who did have prior knowledge? In
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345offensive was stopped before the
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347leadership of the Republika Srps
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349coming 24 hours. 1963 On 11 July
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351that it was established that the
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353very short period: 2 to 6 July.
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355transport VRS troops. 2006 Howev
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357In this respect the author Russe
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359(presumably they were referring
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361nations and within NATO never to
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363expectation that ‘on balance i
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365thorny issue. A foreign intellig
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367was a correct analysis, as was l
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369believes any news in Sarajevo.
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371as said before, this is not a na
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373Chapter 9Survey of archival reco
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375Collection of the Economic Inves
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377archive a number of messages fro
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37930. Uiterweer Post Collection: n
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Bodansky, Y., Offensive in the Balk
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Halberstam, David, War in a Time of
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O.O’shea, Brendan, Crisis at Biha
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387Woolsey, R.J., Partners for Peac
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Boyle, Alan, ‘spies in the watch
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Macdonald, Lt.-Colonel Oliver A.K.,
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393Zumach, A. ‘US intelligence kn
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Arafat YasserAristide J.B.‘Arkan
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Felix M.C.J.Franken R.A.Franssen N.
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Makar AndjelkoMarchal LucMarguin J.
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Soljic VladimirSoubirou AndréSoyst
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C. Wiebes - Intelligence en de oorlog in Bosnië 1992-1995. De rol van de inlichtingen- en veiligheidsdiensten - Engels

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