C. Wiebes - Intelligence en de oorlog in Bosnië 1992-1995. De rol van de inlichtingen- en veiligheidsdiensten - Engels

253later treetops were used. Throughout the conflict the ABiH purchased this version of the YEASU inconsignments of twenty, costing approximately DM 25,000. 1331The Electronic Warfare units of the VRS also had to intercept the permanent ABiH transmitterin Srebrenica. This was a RUP-20 transmitter and receiver, which was used in 1992 and had a range ofaround 50 kilometres. The RUP had a capacity of 20 Watts and operated on a frequency of 2-20 MHz.A second transmitter came later. Still later, the Presidency of the town, Opstina, obtained a RUP-12with a range of 12-15 kilometres and a capacity of 2 Watts which operated on a VHF of 30-70 MHz. 1332The ABiH used two other extra communication systems. HF traffic with ABiH headquarters inSarajevo and the headquarters of the 2 nd Corps in Tuzla ran through the ‘Pactor’. HF communicationhad a range of between 50 and 500 kilometres. One Pactor was flown by helicopter to Sebrenica viaZepa in January 1995. The so-called Paket VHF Radio System was connected with Tuzla and becameoperational on 20 March 1993. An encrypted message was fed into the Paket in Tuzla through apersonal computer and then sent to Srebrenica, where it was subsequently decoded. Up to 1 March1994, 586 messages were received and 525 were transmitted in Srebrenica. 1333 There are no figuresavailable for subsequent years.The 28 th Division of the ABiH in Srebrenica received direct orders from Sarajevo via thePactor. The 2 nd Corps received a transcript. Sarajevo also issued orders to the 28 th 1334Division via Tuzla.As the incoming orders never bore the signature of the commander, they were sometimes ignored. Theconnections ran initially through the old telephone network, which was then still operational. Later, thiswas no longer possible. 1335 The Electronic Warfare units of the VRS were, however, confronted withBosnian crypto programmes, designed by a team led by Dr Muhidin Lelic at the ABiH. These werebased on the NATO crypto programme. US intelligence services supposedly helped Lelic to compilethem. According to an ABiH general, the VRS never cracked this code. 1336 This claim is unlikely as theVRS could read the open as well as the encrypted communications of the ABiH before, during andafter the attack on the enclave. The VRS had broken the ABiH crypto software and could read most ofthe communication traffic of the 28 th Division in Srebrenica.What ABiH communication traffic did the Bosnian Serbs intercept?As early as 14 June 1995, Tuzla sent a warning to the 28 th Division that the VRS had penetrated theABiH radio network. Tuzla issued instructions to improve the communications security: makeshiftlandlines laid by the ABiH were to be monitored and checked every week. Telephone connections closeto VRS territory had to be checked every day. 1337 These precautions were to no avail. On 9 July the 2 ndCorps announced that the VRS was still constantly intercepting the open and coded messages of the28 th Division and that the Bosnian intercepts were being sent direct to the Command of the VRS DrinaCorps for processing. The analysed messages were then immediately sent back to the VRS units at thefront around Srebrenica. In the meantime, the commander of the 28 th Division was again warned thattheir communications system had weak cryptographic protection. 1338No doubt the VRS also intercepted messages regarding a possible joint defence of Srebrenicaby Dutchbat and the ABiH. Bosnian Muslims have claimed that Dutchbat and the ABiH had agreed on1331 Confidential interview (73).1332 Interview with Osman Suljic, 04/03/98.1333 NIOD, Coll. CD-Roms. 28 th Division to 2 nd Corps, No. 02/8-537/2, 13/03/94. The claim by General Sead Delic that the28 th Division did not have its own crypto equipment is untrue. Interview with Sead Delic, 10/03/98.1334 Confidential information (37).1335 Interview with Sefko Hodzic, 24/05/99.1336 Confidential interview (73).1337 NIOD, Coll. CD-Roms. Section MSS, 2 nd Corps to 28 th Division, no. 06-05-159/95, 14/06/95.1338 NIOD, Coll. CD-Roms. 2 nd Corps to Odbrana Republike VoVJ TaVJ, no. 02/8-01-1130, 09/07/95.