annotated bibliography of fisheries economics literature - Office of ...

evaluated as management tools to enhance or sustain these coastal fisheries.
In other parts of the world, designated harvest refugia provide recruits to
adjacent harvest zones, protect the genetic diversity of wild stocks, and
serve as experimental controls for determinations of potential yield. This
concept could be adapted to California's coastal ecosystems by applying
accepted theories from ecology and conservation biology. Hypotheses regarding
the optimum number, size, and distribution of fishery reserves in relation to
harvested zones should be empirically tested in existing marine parks and
reserves and in additional protected areas set aside especially for this
purpose.
Davis, Gary E. and Jon W. Dodrill (1989). Recreational Fishery and
Population Dynamics of Spiny Lobsters, Panulirus Argus, in Florida Bay,
Everglades National Park, 1977-1980. Bulletin of Marine Science,
44(1):78-88.
Florida spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, occupied the southern twothirds
of Florida Bay in Everglades National Park. Field studies of 3,570
tagged lobsters revealed that they pass through Florida Bay, using it for less
than three years as juveniles, between their planktonic larval stages in the
open ocean and adulthood on coral reefs. Lobsters from the bay support
commercial and recreational fisheries outside of Everglades National Park from
Dry Tortugas to Pacific Reef near Miami. Growth rates of juvenile lobsters in
Florida Bay are the highest on record, which may be a reflection of optimum
habitat with abundant food and shelter. Reportedly, the average-sized lobster
taken by commercial bully netters in the bay prior to 1965 was 90-95 mm
carapace length. The park s recreational harvest in 1978-1979 was about
20,000 lobsters with a mean size of 83 mm CL, and about 44,000 lobsters (x 88
mm CL) in the 1979-1980 season. The fishery also provided 7,500 to 8,000
person-days of recreation each year for about 1,000 persons. In 1980, a
lobster nursery sanctuary was created in the Everglades National Park portion
of Florida Bay to restore the natural conditions of the bay and provide more
lobsters for harvest in adjacent fisheries.
Davis, Gary E. and Jenifer E. Dugan (1994). Applications of Marine Refugia
or Replenishment Zones to Fisheries Management. In Karyn L. Gimbel
(ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on
Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife
Fund, Washington, D.C.
Marine resources appear to be particularly vulnerable to the tragedy of
the commons wherein uncontrolled access to commonly owned renewable resources
results in the depletion of those resources. Current fishery management
regimes based on single species that use maximum sustainable yields, size and
bag limits, seasonal closures, and limited entry approaches appear to offer
little hope for the restoration of impacted fisheries and marine ecosystems.
New approaches are critically needed. Marine fishery refugia, areas unaltered
by harvest that serve as sources of replenishment, offer hope for the
restoration and stabilization of yields for coastal marine fisheries and
communities. Although most reserves were not designed for fishery management
purposes, our review of studies of these small unharvested areas indicate that
increases in the abundance, individual size and reproductive potential of
target species, and increases in species diversity occurred withing reserves
of various sizes, shapes, and histories in marine communities ranging from
coral reefs to kelp forests. In a few cases, yields were higher in areas
surrounding the reserves. Our preliminary results indicate that fishery
refugia should be further examined as a management option, particularly for
long lived coastal species.
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