dogu-turkistan-sempozyumu

Important Crossroads and the Chinese Occupation in the History of Eastern Turkistan / Prof Alaeddin Yalcinkayacame directly under her influence. Later, although the Turkic peoples sometimesdrove back the Chinese, Chinese hegemony had put its seal on this era. In themeantime, the Chinese observed that the hodjas, who had great influence on thepeople, had established a sound rule as governors in provinces such as Kashgar,Yarkent, Turfan and Hoten, and they improved on and continued this system,which they thought would provide better control and allow them to collect taxesmore easily. Eastern Turkistan made insurgences against the ever-increasingChinese oppression a total of 42 times until 1863, after which an independentKashgar Khanate was established.The Kashgar (Eastern Turkistan) StateThe current political position of Eastern Turkistan is largely due todevelopments that took place in the late 19 th century. Turkistan Republics today,such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, wereunder Russian occupation in that era, and this remained the same after theestablishment of the Soviet Union. The Russian occupation in Western Turkistanhad both British and European dimensions and this was also the case for EasternTurkistan. 9The heroic actions of Yakub Beg of Pishkand during the defense of Hokand,Tashkent and Ak Mesjid against Russian attacks in 1863 attracted the attentionof the amir. 10 During the chaos that followed the collapse of the Manchu Dynastyin China in 1864, a delegation chaired by the Kyrgyz chief, Sadig Beg, who was incontrol of Kashgar at that time, applied to Hokand to send members of the familiesof the former hodjas to Kashgar to mediate and reconcile the opposing parties thereand thus bring peace to the region. As stated above, the descendants of the hodjasin Hokand had settled in the region during the Chinese invasions. Obviously, therule of the hodjas was not a time that people complained about; rather, even thegrandchildren of the hodjas were widely accepted and well-respected. The lastgovernment of the hodjas before the Kashgar State was between 1826 and 1840,during which time they repelled Chinese attacks with the help of the khan ofHokand, Muhammed Ali (1822-1842). The khan of Hokand sent Burzug Khan,the only surviving son of Cihangir Khan, who had ruled the region successfullyuntil 40 years previously, and Yakub Beg as the military commander with some295