R&S FSQ Signal Analyzer - Rohde & Schwarz

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R&S FSQ Getting Started 2.1 Introduction Introduction This chapter explains how to operate the R&S FSQ using typical measurements as examples. Additional background information on the settings is given. All of the following examples are based on the standard settings of the R&S FSQ. These are set with the PRESET key. A complete list of the standard settings can be found in chapter “Instrument Functions”, section “R&S FSQ Initial Configuration – PRESET Key” on page 4.5. • “Measuring the Spectrums of Complex Signals” on page 2.3 • “Measuring Signals in the Vicinity of Noise” on page 2.9 • “Noise Measurements” on page 2.17 • “Measurements on Modulated Signals” on page 2.27 Examples of more basic character are described in the Quick Start Guide, chapter 5. 2.2 Operating Manual 1313.9681.12 - 01
R&S FSQ Getting Started Measuring the Spectrums of Complex Signals 2.2 Measuring the Spectrums of Complex Signals 2.2.1 Intermodulation Measurements If several signals are applied to a DUT with non-linear characteristics, unwanted mixing products are generated – mostly by active components such as amplifiers or mixers. The products created by 3rd order intermodulation are particularly troublesome as they have frequencies close to the useful signals and, compared with other products, are closest in level to the useful signals. The fundamental wave of one signal is mixed with the 2 nd harmonic of the other signal. fs1 = 2 × fu1 – fu2 fs2 = 2 × fu2 – fu1 where fs1 and fs2 are the frequencies of the intermodulation products and fu1 and fu2 the frequencies of the useful signals. The following diagram shows the position of the intermodulation products in the frequency domain. Level Fig. 2.1 3 rd order intermodulation products Example Pu1 Pu2 Ps1 Ps2 ∆f ∆f ∆f fs1 fu1 fu2 fs2 fu1 = 100 MHz, fu2 = 100.03 MHz Frequency fs1 = 2 × fu1 – fu2 = 2 × 100 MHz – 100.03 MHz = 99.97 MHz fs2 = 2 × fu2 – fu1 = 2 × 100.03 MHz – 100 MHz = 100.06 MHz The level of the intermodulation products depends on the level of the useful signals. If the level of the two useful signals is increased by 1 dB, the level of the intermodulation products is increased by 3 dB. The intermodulation distance d3 is, therefore, reduced by 2 dB. Fig. 2.2 shows how the levels of the useful signals and the 3 rd order intermodulation products are related. Operating Manual 1313.9681.12 - 01 2.3 aD3 (6) (7)
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