Azərbaycanın dövlət rəmzlərinə və atributlarına dair məqalələr

Azərbaycan Respublikası Prezidentinin İşlər İdarəsininPREZİDENT KİTABXANASI──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────In the late 6th and early 7th centuries the Albanian Church adopted Nestorianism (the doctrine that Christexisted as two persons, the man Jesus and the divine Son of God), while the Armenian Church adopted theMonophysite doctrine (that Christ had only one nature, the divine). Rivalry between the Byzantine Empire andthe Caliphate grew in the South Caucasus, as the Caliphate tried to separate the region from Byzantium. TheCaliphate tried to convert the population to Islam as part of their attempts to control Albania.The struggle for Albania intensified at the beginning of the 8th century. The position of Byzantium beganto weaken while the Kingdom of the Khazars was growing in strength. The Arabian Caliph or ruler, Abdulmalik(685-705), boosted his authority through economic and military reform and conducted successful operations inthe border areas between Byzantium and the South Caucasus. He began to establish the Caliphate in Albania,which was of economic and strategic importance.Abdulmalik sidelined the Albanian ruler. Barda became the residence of the Arabian Caliphate's governorand from 705 the territory of Albania was called Arran.The 8th century saw the start of a new era in Karabakh and Albania as a whole. Christianity was on thewane and Islam took over. The more progressive Islam prevailed over Christianity and other religions inKarabakh. Most of the Albanian population became Muslim, with only a few retaining their previous belief.The Caspian countries became international trade centres during the Caliphate's rule. This in turninfluenced the development of towns in Karabakh; they became large centres of trade and craftsmanship. Sometowns in Karabakh had populations of more than 100,000. Karabakh was connected by rivers to the sea whichmade trade easy with the countries to the north of the Caspian Sea and along the Kur River.During this period, too, Karabakh was famous as an enormous centre of craftsmanship and trade. Thegrowth of trade was an essential source of income for the Caliphate in the 8th and 9th centuries. In the 9th and10th centuries Karabakh flourished, enjoying broad trade relations with the countries to the north via theCaspian-Volga route and the Dnepr and Don Rivers. Merchant caravans came to Barda from many countries,especially from Europe and the east. The famous Barda bazaars played a significant role in international tradeand in the development of the region.Copper, silver and gold coins have been found in different areas of Karabakh. Moreover, five largetreasure troves were discovered in 1924, 1925, 1929, 1940 and 1984. The coins from many countries found inKarabakh provide proof of its role as a centre of world trade from antiquity to the 15th century.As the Caliphate grew in power, scientific and literary works were written in Arabic and Christian schoolsreplaced Muslim ones. As elsewhere in the east, cities were rebuilt in a new style and mosque complexes wereconstructed.Although the ethnic pressures caused protests in Karabakh, the economy continued to grow and Karabakhenjoyed a renaissance.The fiction that began with the 1st century geographer Strabo that Azerbaijani territory up to the KurRiver belonged to Armenians continued into the early Middle Ages. Armenian "scholars" consideredAzerbaijani territory to be an ancient Armenian homeland and called Karabakh "Armenian territory".Medieval Arab authors (such as Ya'qubi, Al-Kufi, Al-Istakhri, Al-Muqaddasi and Yaqut Hamavi) refer toArran, including Karabakh, as Azerbaijan; the people of Karabakh spoke the "Arran language".From the 9th century onwards Karabakh became well-known in the Near and Middle East for its scholars.They were educated in the famous scientific centres of the Islamic world and worked both in Azerbaijan andelsewhere. Karabakh scholars were mathematicians, engineers, doctors, historians, lawyers, poets, orators,astrologers and politicians.Independent feudal statesIn the late 9th century independent feudal states were formed in the northern territories and other outlyingparts of the Caliphate. Karabakh became part of Sajis, which was ruled by a Turkish dynasty.The Deylamis seized power from the Sajis in 942 and founded the state of Salaris. In the early Salarisperiod Karabakh was economically, socially and culturally developed as a central region of the country.Barda's wealth was always attractive to the Rus in the north. In 943-44 the Rus sailed across the Caspianand up the Kur River and attacked Barda. They sacked the city but were forced to leave after meeting resistancefrom the population.546