XXVI Congreso Internacional de Americanistas

67
ignorant of the pipe. At the lime of th e Spani:::h Conquest, "eiba"''' pire,;
were apparently not known south of the United State s, though they appear
in archeological collections, probably from the Toltec horizon, in th·c
Val1ey of Mexico. These have both bowls and stems of pottery. The
next nearest region where "elbow" pipes are known is the Calchaqui re
gion of nonhern Argentin,¡; these pipes also have pottery stems. Th,:
present Indians of. the Gran Chaco of Paraguay use elbovv pipes, génerally
of wood, with separate stems oi reed or wood. In this respect.
therefore, Santarem connections would seem to be with the south, certainly
not with the Antilles, and probably not with the bthmian region.
N ordenskiold has pointed out some other resemblances between Santa
rem and the south, especially with the Lower Paraná. There are several
other of these pipes in the present collections. Their unexpected occurrence
in this region was pointed out by Linné in his before-mentioned
publication. Recently similar pipes have been found in Venezuela by
A. V. Kidder, Jr. at Lake V elancia (1) and by Gladys Ayer Nomland :t ~:
Coro, at the base of the Paraguana Peninsula (2)
F igurine whistles aro(; also characteristic of Santarem. One is shown in
the lower right of (photo K), ancl another in N ordenskiold Plate
XXXIII b and c. That in the University Museum is hollow, withoul
modulating finger-holes, clecorated with incised designs with traces of red
and possibly also of black paint. It is in animal form, probably a bird,
and is II cm. long. Figurine whistles are typical of Central and northern
South America, but probably unknown in the Antilles.
Another surprising discovery in the Santarem collection is a beatifui
large chipped flint spearhead. The workmanship is almost as fine as that
found anywhere in America. It is large, flat, thin and even, triangular
with concave base, and fine1y chipped 011 every edge. The maXimU111
lenght is 10 cm., width 6.8 cm., thickness 8. mm. Santarem is a region of
fluvial deposits, practicall)' without ally stone, alld almost the only stone.
objects found there are small figurines of green stone. Throughout Amazoni8
:trrow and lanc2 he ads are almost invariably made of harclened '\Voocl,
bamboo 01' bone. Most 1ikeJy this spear-point was imported from somc
distance. Antillean connections are clefiniteJy ru!ed out in this case.
One's prima faáe impression of Santare.n pottery is that the high
relief unpainted ware is the typica! form, the painted ware probably of
another culture or a different cultural periocl; this was apparent!y Nordenskii:ild's
opinion. This impression is, as we have seen, dispelled by él
critica! examination of the objects, since painted decorations and the
high relief typical of the unpainted ware are found on the same specimen.,.
(1) "Science News Letter", February 23, 1935, p. 117.
(2) "New Archaeological Sites from the State of Falcón, Venezuela"; Ibero­
Americana, 1I , 1935; pp. 15, 91, fig. II f.