Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter by by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morg

I:2 Index
in muscle contraction 920
plasma membrane depolarization by
607, 621–624, 627–629, 632,
634–636
propagation 624F, 625
activated amino acids 338F
activated carriers
carboxylated biotin 69T, 70F
coenzyme A as 68–69
coupling with favorable reactions
64–65
energy storage by 63–64
FADH 2 as electron carrier 69, 83
NADH and NADPH as electron carriers
67–68
and their functions 69T
see also ATP; GTP
activation, enzyme-coupled receptors and
GPCRs 850–851, 852F
activation energies
enzyme action and 57–58, 141–145
of glycolysis 74
activator proteins see transcription
activators
active sites
elastase and chymotrypsin 119F
in enzyme activity 59, 136, 147
lysozyme 145, 146F
and regulatory sites in allostery 151
see also binding sites
active transport
ion-concentration gradients 601–604
primary and secondary active
transport 602
three methods 601
transporters and 600–611
activity-dependent synaptic change
1211–1212
acute lymphocytic leukemias 1117
acyl transferases 689
adaptation
of neurons to prolonged stimulation
635
of system response to signals 825,
830–831, 848–849
in the visual system 846
adaptive immune system
antigenic variation and 1290–1291
immunological self-tolerance
1313–1315
overview 1307–1315
pathogen selection through 1290
two classes of response 1298F
see also B cells; T cells
adaptor molecules 334, 338F, 341
adaptor proteins
actin-binding 956F
for cadherins 1044
catenins as 1042
clathrin coated vesicles 698–699
Grb2 824F, 855, 862F
interaction domains as 823
nuclear import receptors 652
SH2 and SH3 domains in 854
talin as 1075, 1080
vesicle transport model 721
ADARs (adenosine deaminases acting on
RNA) 418
adducin 592F
adenine
1-methyl- 271
deamination to hypoxanthine 271,
272F
DNA base pairing with thymine 176,
177F
structure 100
adenocarcinomas, as malignant 1092,
1093F
adenomas, as benign 1092, 1093F, 1220
adenomatous polyps 1123
adenosine deamination 335, 336, 337F
S-adenosylmethionine
as an activated carrier 69T
DNA methylation damage from 267T,
268
transcription regulator binding 377
adenovirus 1273T, 1274F, 1280F, 1281,
1289
adenylyl cyclase 834, 836, 843–844.
846T, 848, 1278
adherens junctions
actin filaments in 1036, 1042, 1192
assembly 1043F
classical cadherins and 1037T
in epithelial cells 893F, 924, 1036F
response to force 1042–1043
tissue remodeling 1043–1045
adhesins 1277–1278
adhesion belt 1036F, 1044, 1045F
adipocytes 573
adjuvants 1307
ADP/ATP carrier protein 779, 780F
adrenaline, GPCR mediated effects 827,
832, 835T
adrenoleukodystrophy 300F
Aequorea victoria 543, 547
aequorin 547, 839
aerobic bacteria and mitochondria 25
aerobic lithotrophs 11
aerobic respiration 55
Aeropyrum pernix 21T
affinity chromatography 448–451, 459,
484
affinity maturation 1320–1321
aflatoxins 1128–1129
AFM (atomic force microscopy) 307F,
481, 548–549, 587F, 895, 913
Africa, human origins 232
agarose, in gel electrophoresis 465–466
age
and cancer incidence 1094–1095,
1111
and DNA repair errors 274
and mitochondrial mutations 808
see also premature aging
agent-based simulations 524
aggrecan 1058F, 1060, 1061F
agrin signal protein 1072, 1210
Agrobacterium 508F
AID (activation-induced deaminase)
1322–1323
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency
syndrome)
mortality 1263
see also HIV
AIRE (autoimmune regulator) 1333
AKAPs (A-kinase anchoring proteins) 835
Akt protein kinase 860, 1030F, 1114–1115
alanine, structure 113
albinism 490F, 729, 1186
alcohol detoxification 667
aldolase 104
aldoses and ketoses 98
Alexa dyes 537, 538F
algae, as eukaryotes 30
alkalis see bases
alkylation lesions see methylation
all-or-none responses 827–829, 830F, 857
alleles, defined 286, 486, 490
allergic reactions 1317
allostery
activation of Ca 2+ /calmodulin 841
allosteric enzymes 151–153
EF-Tu conformational change
160–161
in GPCR kinases 848–849
inducing protein activation 828F
inducing protein degradation 360
integrin activation by 1077
in ion channels 618, 825
membrane transport proteins
163–164
in motor proteins and protein
machines 162, 164
in proton pumps 773–774
and second messengers 848
tryptophan repressor 381
α and β subunits, ATP synthase 777
α2 protein 120
alpha satellite DNA 203, 204
α-chains, collagen 1061–1062, 1063T
α-chains, integrins 1075, 1078
α-chains, laminins 1070F
α-helices
in bacteriorhodopsin 586–587
discovery and description 115–116
in the histone fold 188
in intermediate filaments 945
ion channels 617–618, 631F
membrane anchoring 682
membrane-spanning 579–581, 677,
679, 680
myosin lever arm 916
in nascent proteins 349, 354
in protein structural motifs 376–377
as secondary structure elements
117–118
switch helices 161
in transporters 603
Alport syndrome 1071
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) 947
alternative pathway, complement system
1302–1303
alternative splicing
constitutive 324, 416
definition of the gene 416–417
multiple protein forms from 415
positive and negative control 416F
RNA sequencing and 482
tropomyosin gene 319F, 416
and voltage-gated ion channels 627
Alu sequences 212F, 223F, 291–292
Alzheimer’s disease 130, 868
Amanita mushrooms 904
see also phalloidins
Ames test for mutagenicity 1128
amino acid sequences
alignments 463
implying protein function 121,
462–463
specifying protein structure 109–114
see also signal sequences
amino acid starvation 425