Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter by by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morg

I:4 Index
arabinose metabolism 521
arachidonic acid 837
AraJ gene (E. coli ) 521
archaea
bacteriorhodopsin from 586
CRISPR system 434
cytokinesis in 737
eukaryote origins and 26, 27F
Methanococcus jannaschii 16F, 676F
as prokaryotes 14–15
Sec61 complex 676F
thermophilic 572
Archaeoglobus fulgidus 21T
Arf proteins 703, 854T, 1016
arginine
in ATP synthases 777
deamination to NO 847
in nuclear localization signals 650
in the nucleosome 188
structure 112
Argonaute protein 428F, 430–434
Arp2/3 complex
actin filament nucleation 905–906,
908F
actin networks and 911, 953, 954F
bacterial recruitment 913–914, 1281,
1288, 1289F
Rac activation 957–959
Arp1 (actin-related protein 1) 939
arrestins 845, 849
arthritis, as a multigenic condition 493
Ascaris (A. lumbricoides) 1265–1266
asparagine
in aquaporins 613
homeodomain arginine contact 376
N-linked oligosaccharides 683, 1057
structure 113
aspartic acid
in P-type ATPases 607, 608F
structure 113
targeting by caspases 1022
Aspergillus flavus oryzae 1129F
aspirin 838
assembly factors 130
association constant 139F, 140
astral microtubules
dyneins and 984–985, 994
spindle positioning 982, 983F, 987,
1001–1002
astral relaxation model 999
astral stimulation model 998–999
asymmetric cell division 1001–1002,
1153, 1173–1174, 1222, 1223F
ataxia telangiectasia (AT) 266T, 276, 1015
ATF6 protein 688
ATG9 protein 726
atherosclerosis 733, 1265–1266
ATM protein 266T, 276, 1014–1015
atomic force microscopy (AFM) 307F,
481, 548–549, 587F, 895, 913
atomic number and electron density 556
atoms and cells, scale of 530F
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
as an activated carrier 64, 65
as an energy carrier 8
binding in cyclin/Cdk complex 970F
daily turnover in humans 774
powering condensation reactions
65–66, 70–73
production by fermentations 75
production by glycolysis 74–78, 85
production by mitochondria and
chloroplasts 753
production by the citric acid cycle
84–85
substrate of Src protein kinase 74–78,
85
turnover and metabolic rate 148
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling
complexes 190–193
ATP-dependent proteases 357, 358F
ATP-driven pumps 601–602, 606–607
ATP hydrolysis
actin catalysis of 894, 901, 904, 954F
in active transport 60, 602, 605–606,
608F, 838
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases 337
chaperone operation 356
DNA helicase operation 246F
DNA ligase operation 246
by dyneins 938F
by kinesins 936, 937F
in lysosomes 723
macromolecular synthesis 70–73
by myosin heads 916
NPC translocation 655
overall usefulness 65
in phospholipid translocators 690
in the proteasome 358, 359F
protein import into mitochondria 661
protein import into peroxisomes 667
protein import into the ER 682
spliceosome RNA rearrangements
321
ATP synthases 586, 590, 606
aggregation 590
bacterial 780–781
c subunits 777–778, 804
of chloroplasts 787, 793, 794
dimerization 778, 779F
in mitochondria and chloroplasts 794,
795F
Na + -driven 781
powered by electrochemical gradients
586, 606, 774
as protein machines 164, 754,
776–778
related enzymes 778, 781
reversibility as a proton pump 778
ATP synthesis
driven by an electrochemical gradient
761, 763
electron-transport chain and 84–85
in glycolysis 781
in mitochondria 774–782
in mitochondria and chloroplasts 658,
758
thylakoid membrane as site of
786–787
ATPases, F-type see ATP synthases
ATR protein 1014, 1015F
attachment to surfaces (cell migration)
951, 952F, 955
auditory epithelium 1227
auditory system 1204
AUG codons (translation inititiation/
methionine) 334, 347–348,
424–425
Aurora kinases (Aurora-A and -B) 978,
985–986, 990
autism 494
autocatalytic process, life as 7F
autocrine action, Type I interferons 1304
autocrine signaling 815
autofluorescence 544F
autoimmune diseases
AIRE regulator 1333
bullous pemphigoid 1076F
FoxP3 gene and 1336
lymphocyte survival and 1031
myasthenia gravis 1315
Type I diabetes 1315
autoimmunity, T-cell inhibitory receptors
1138
autophagosomes 725F, 726–727
autophagy
function 726–727
as a lysosome delivery pathway 725
as selective or nonselective 726
of sperm-derived mitochondria 807
autophosphorylation 364F, 688, 841,
842F, 850, 878
plant photoproteins 884
transautophosphorylation 851–852F
autoradiography 452, 454, 466F, 1212F
autosomes, defined 486
autostimulation 518
auxilin 702
auxin signaling in plants 881–883, 1087
axin protein 870
axonal neurofilaments 944T, 947
axonemal dyneins (ciliary dyenins)
937–938, 942
axonemes 927F, 931F, 938F, 941–943,
950F
axons
electrical activity and synapse
modification 1211–1212
elongation 844, 1202
growth cones 858, 943, 951,
1201–1204, 1206, 1208–1211
guidance mechanisms 1202–1204,
1206
initial segment (axon hillock) 634
microtubule orientation 940
in neural development 1198, 1199F,
1200–1202, 1203F, 1204–1212
retrograde and anterograde axonal
transport 938
role in neurons 620–621, 940
self-avoidance 1206–1207
spectrin in 913
azides 772
AZT reverse transcriptase inhibitor 1292
B
B7 proteins 1337–1338
B-cell inhibitory receptors 1337
B cell lymphoma 1031
B cell receptors (BCRs) 1315–1317,
1321–1322, 1336–1338
B cells (B lymphocytes)
antibody secretion by 1297, 1307
apoptosis inhibition by Bcl2
1246–1247
bone marrow origin 1308
in Burkitt’s lymphoma 1106
class switching 1320, 1322–1323,
1335–1336, 1338F
control of antibody forms 417–418
extracellular signal and activation
1336–1337