Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter by by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morg

Index I:3
amino acids
abbreviations 110F, 112
activated amino acids 338F
addition to polypeptide chains
339–344
codons specifying 7, 334
coupling to transfer RNAs 336–338
essential amino acids 86, 87F
glutamine synthesis 66
mitochondrial conversion to acetyl
CoA 84
multisite post-translational
modification 166
in the nitrogen cycle 85–86
optical isomers 112
polarity and ionization state 109–110,
112–113
at protein active sites 135–136
as protein monomers 6
selenocysteine 350
side-chain modifications 196–197
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases 336–338,
339F
amoebae 182, 997F
AMPA receptors (α-amino 3-hydroxy
5-methyl 4-isoxazolepropionic
acid) 636–637
amphibians
metamorphosis 1182
newts 1248–1249
see also frogs
amphipathicity
of defensins 1298
NADH dehydrogenase α-helices 768
amphiphilicity of membrane molecules
9, 566, 576
amplification (of DNA) see DNA cloning
amplification (of signals)
in the caspase cascade 1023
in intracellular signaling 824, 848, 857
in microscopy 539–540
of nerve impulses 621
amygdala 935
amyloid fibrils 130–133
Anabaena cylindrica 14F
anabolic reactions, NADPH in 68
anabolism as biosynthesis 51–52
anaerobic organisms
anaerobic lithotrophs 11
ATP synthase role 778
glycolysis in 74–75
proton gradients in 781
analytical methods
for DNA 463–466
for proteins 452–462
analytical ultracentrifuges 455
anaphase
chromatid separation 964, 994
in meiosis 1005, 1009
in mitosis 981
anaphase A and anaphase B 994, 995F
anaphase chromosomes 988F
anchorage dependence 1079
anchoring fibrils 1062, 1063T
anchoring junctions 1036, 1037T
AND and AND NOT logic 521–522, 523F,
825
androgen receptor signaling 1117
anemia, spectrin deficiency 591
Angelman syndrome 407
angina 847
angiogenesis
endothelial tip cells 1236–1237
involvement of VEGF and HIF1α 1237
and metastasis 1120
and vasculogenesis 1236
Ångstrom units 531
animal-vegetal (A-V) axis 1155–1156,
1167–1168
animals
body plan inversion 1169
body plans as conserved 1147–1148,
1174
extracellular matrix in 1057–1074
model organisms 33
regenerative ability 1247
regulatory DNA and morphology
1149, 1174–1175
size differences 1010
ankyrin 592F
antenna complexes 788–789, 794F
Antennapedia gene/complex 1161F,
1162–1163, 1164F, 1169, 1170F
anteroposterior (A-P) axis 1147, 1155,
1157–1160, 1161F, 1162–1164,
1169, 1206
anthrax 1270
anti-IAP proteins 1029
anti-inflammatory drugs 838
antibiotic resistance
DNA-only transposons in 288
horizontal gene transfer and 19, 1269,
1292–1293
plasmid segregation and 897
Staphylococci (MRSA) 1276
three mechanisms 1293F
antibiotics
bacterial targets 1293F
as inhibitors of protein synthesis 351,
352T
lysozyme as 144
misuse 1293
penicillin 1267, 1291, 1293
ribosome response to 800
selective toxicity 1292
vancomycin 1292–1293
antibodies
in affinity chromatography 449, 450
anti-BrdU 966
blotting techniques 454–455
delivery of poisons 1137
as immunoglobulins 1315–1316
immunogold electron microscopy 557
labeled, in electron microscopy 539
labeled, in fluorescence microscopy
537, 538F, 539–540
major classes in humans 1318T
number of potential antibodies 1309
polyadenylation and release 417–418
secreted by B lymphocytes 1297,
1307, 1309
transport in newborns 737
as triggers of phagocytosis 739
see also immunoglobulins; monoclonal
antibodies
anticancer drugs see cancer treatment
anticodons, tRNA 7, 335–337, 338F, 339,
341–342, 343F, 344–345
antidepressants 632
antigen presentation 1240, 1305, 1330F
antigenic determinants 1316F, 1318,
1337, 1338F
antigenic variation, and pathogen
evolution 1289–1291
antigens
adaptive immune system 1307
dendritic cell processing 1305, 1330F
Langerhans cells presentation 1240
in the lymphatic system 1311
recognition 138–139
antiporters 602, 604, 607–608, 747F,
769F, 781
Antirrhinum 30F, 488F
AP2 (adaptor protein 2) 699, 700F, 701,
733–734
Apaf1 (apoptotic protease activating
factor-1) 1025, 1026F
APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/
cyclosome)
Cdh1-APC/C 1003–1004, 1014
completion of mitosis 992–993
M-Cdk inactivation 1002–1003
metaphase-anaphase transition
970–971, 972F, 973, 975, 978,
1009
as a ubiquitin ligase 360
Apc protein (adenomatous polyposis coli)
870–871, 1112F, 1124
Apc tumor suppressor gene 1123–1124,
1220
APCs (antigen-presenting cells) 1307,
1311, 1328
see also dendritic cells
apical meristems see meristems
apolipoprotein B 418–419
apoptosis
Bcl2 family proteins and 860F, 1026,
1027–1028F
in C. elegans 1194
caspase cascade and 1022–1023
cytotoxic T cells and 1334
DNA fragmentation in 1024F
in embryonic development 1022
epithelial cells 1219
extent of 1021–1022
extracellular signals and 816
extrinsic and intrinsic activation
pathways 1023–1028
Golgi apparatus fragmentation 722
macrophages and 739
mitochondrial proteins in 802
p53 pathway and 1115–1116
phagocytes and 1030–1031
phosphatidylserine in 574, 690, 740
reduction in cancer cells 1099, 1103
response to irreparable DNA damage
1015
response to viral infection 1304
suppression by survival factors 1011,
1029–1030
apoptosome 1025, 1026F
aquaporins 580F, 599, 612–613
Arabidopsis (A. thaliana)
cell and organ size 1195F
flowering 1183F, 1195F
generating mutations in 488
genome 880–881, 1084
gravitropism 884F
mitochondrial genome 805F
as model organism 29T, 32–33
mutant libraries 498
totipotent cells 507
vacuoles 724F
Page numbers with an F refer to a figure; page numbers with a T refer to a table.