Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter by by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morg

I:22 Index
combinatorial controls 394–398, 400F,
520–521
conservative site-specific
recombination and 294
control of 369–373, 405
efficiency of 301F
enzyme regulation through 150
epigenetic inheritance of 411–412
and gene function 485–509
heterochromatin limitation of 194
localization with in situ hybridization
502, 536
localizing using reporter genes 501
monitoring in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae 32
monoallelic 411
oscillations 1177
patterns in development 1149F
post-transcriptional controls 413–428
quantitative measurements 502–503
Ras-MAP kinases signaling and 856
Ras proteins and 854
regulation at six points 372, 373F
regulation by ncRNAs 429–436
representing a low response 825,
826F
response to external signals 372, 522,
867–874
riboswitches and 414–415
serial organization 1163–1164
time required for 1176
transcription and translation in 7, 306
variability between cells 523, 524F
and vertebrate evolution 227
visualizing 536
gene families
arising from gene duplication 17–18,
228
common to all biological domains 20
evolution of globins 229–230
gene function
classical genetics studies 485–488
cluster analysis and 504
deducing from DNA sequences 20,
216–217
deducing from mutations 21–22, 496,
498–499
testing with RNA interference 499–
501
gene fusion 495
gene inactivation by RNAi 433, 499
gene knockouts 494–496, 1117
gene products, epistasis analysis and 490
gene regulation see transcription
regulators
gene segments, B cells 1319–1320,
1321F, 1325, 1332
gene silencing
Polycomb proteins and 206
position effects 194
gene transcription
Ca 2+ spikes and 840
cyclic AMP effects 836F
JAK-STAT signaling pathway and 863
response to phytochromes 884
gene transfer from organelles 801–802
see also horizontal gene transfer
general recombination see homologous
recombination
general transcription factors 309–312,
384–387, 388F, 390F
post-transcriptional control 405, 425
TFII numbering 310
TFIID and poliovirus 1288
general translation factors 425
genes
coding for multiple proteins 318
definition of 182, 416–417
distribution in the nucleus 211–212
essential genes of unknown function
499
horizontal and vertical transfer 16
identifying new genes by ribosome
profiling 506, 507F
isolation and over-expression 464
mechanisms for innovation in 16–17
mitochondrial, in different species
801F
multiple proteins from 415
nature of hereditary information
173–174
number and density in different
species 182F, 415–416
numbers coding proteins 184T, 185
numbers in bacteria and archaea 16
proteins encoded by 7
rapidly evolving and conserved 15–16
specific deletion 294–295
specific to animal development 1149
see also cancer-critical genes
genetic analysis, of tumor cells 1102
genetic code
amino acid equivalents of codons 334
history 7, 178
possible origins 365
universality 2–3
variants 349–351, 805
genetic engineering
conservative site-specific
recombination 294–295
conservative site-specific
recombination in 294–295
embryonic stem cells and 1253
epitope tagging 450–451
of fluorescent proteins 545
transgenic organisms 495–497
transgenic plants 507–508
using the CRISPR system 497–498
genetic innovation 16–17, 217–218, 221,
227–232
genetic instability, cancer cells 1097,
1103, 1111–1112, 1116, 1125,
1133–1134, 1139
genetic marker proteins 1221
genetic recombination 175, 231, 318,
486, 1005–1006
see also homologous recombination
genetic screening
for mutant phenotypes 488–490
RNA interference and 500
timing of embryonic development
1180
genome annotation 477–483
genome editing/genome engineering 494
genome maintenance genes 1104, 1110F
genome map distance 486
genome sequencing
bacteria 1268–1269
cancer cells 1095, 1109–1111, 1119,
1137
and conserved regions 217, 224–225
cost of 481
and evolutionary tracing 136–137,
292
exome sequencing 1109
progress in 439, 477
resequencing 479
speed of 464, 477
tumor biopsies 1141
viruses 1273
genome sizes
in amoebae 182
in bacteria 1267
chromosome numbers and 183
compared 28–29. 33, 182, 223–224
in Danio rerio 35
Drosophila melanogaster 34
in E. coli 22, 23F
in Fuga rubripes 223
in humans 178, 179
in mammals 221–222
minimum 9
in vertebrates 222–223
genome-wide association studies
493–494
genome-wide screening, by RNAi 500F
genomes
aggregated, human microbiome 1264
ancient 223–224
of chloroplasts 800–809
diversity of 10–23
eukaryotes 23–39
evolution 216–234
genes important for multicellularity
1149
hybrid 27–28
mitochondrial 27, 800–809
proportion encoding ABC transporters
609
see also chloroplast genome; human
genome; mitochondrial DNA
genomic analysis, and the tree of life 14,
218–219
genomic imprinting 407–409
genomic libraries 469, 471, 479
genomic plasticity, viruses 1291
genotypes defined 485–486
germ-band extension 1045
germ cells
embryonic development 1158
migration in zebrafish 1185F
germ layers 1148, 1167–1168, 1187
see also ectoderm; endoderm;
mesoderm
germ line
introducing altered genes 495–497
mutation rates 238
RNAi protection 433
germinal centers 1313F, 1322–1323
Get3 ATPase 682F
Get1-Get2 receptor complex 682F
GFP (green fluorescent protein) 459F,
501F, 502, 504F, 543, 546F
fusion proteins 501F, 502, 504F, 543,
589, 715F, 802–803
structure 543F
GGGTTA repeats 262
gibberellins 881
Gibbs free energy, G see free energy
gigantism, pituitary 1196
GK domains 1050
Glanzmann’s disease 1076T, 1077
GlcNAc see acetylglucosamine