Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter by by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morg

Index I:17
electron crystallography 580, 586
electron microscopy
cryoelectron microscopy 559–561,
562F
EM tomography 558, 779, 988F
freeze-etch 937F, 942F, 948F
freeze-fracture electron microscopy
1047, 1049F, 1051F
immunogold electron microscopy
556–557
negative staining 559–561
resolution 554, 559, 560F, 562
single-particle reconstruction
561–562
staining 555–556
three-dimensional imaging 557–558
transmission electron microscopy
305F, 554, 555–556F, 558, 560F
see also SEM
electron transfers
chlorophyll 787–788, 792
NADH dehydrogenase complex 768
oxidation and reduction as 55–56
photosynthetic reactions 783–784
see also light reactions
electron-transport chain
in ATP synthesis 84–85, 658
in chemiosmotic coupling 754
in chloroplasts 789
the citric acid cycle and 83
in early living cells 795–797
location in mitochondrial cristae
757–758
in mitochondria and chloroplasts
755F
mitochondrial protein imports 659,
662, 663F, 664
proton gradients and 86F
proton pumps of 763–774
electrons
damage to proteins 561
productivity in terms of ATP 775
wavelength 554
electrophoresis see gel electrophoresis
electroporation 495
electrospray ion source 456–457
electrostatic attractions
atomic force microscopy and 548
binding site example 135F
as noncovalent 44, 95
elements
periodic table 43F
required for living cells 12, 43
elongation factors
EF-G 343, 344F
EF-Tu 160–161, 163, 343–344
loading onto RNA polymerase 388
role 313–314, 343–344
elongation phase, DNA replication 974
EM (electron microscope) tomography
558
embryogenesis, cell migration in 951
embryoid bodies, from iPSs 1257F
embryonic development
apoptosis in 1022
asymmetries 1151–1152
blastomere to differentiation 1148F
cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion
in 1040–1041
cell memory in 1148, 1150, 1162,
1164
control of timing 1176–1184
epithelial-mesenchymal transitions
1042
fundamental processes in animals
1145
germ cells and somatic cells 1158
intracellular control programs 1179
morphogenesis 1184–1193
neural development 1198–1213
overview 1147–1155
retina 1236
spatial patterning in 1150–1154
specific genes in animals 1149
tissue morphogenesis 1059
embryonic stem cells
Nanog regulator 378F
transgenic mice 496
embryos
cell-cycle control system 967, 971
genome activation 1147
parthenogenetic 987
see also blastula
embryos, Drosophila
control of nuclear transport 655F
discovery of signaling pathways 1154
germ-band extension 1045
mitosis without cytokinesis 1002,
1003F
syncytium development 1157
transcription regulators 392–395
embryos, frog
blastula stage components 1147F
epigenetic inheritance and 205–206
evidence for differentiation without
gene loss 369–370
reprogramming by donor nuclei
205–206
embryos, vertebrate
inductive signaling 1166, 1167F, 1177,
1184, 1198
nervous systems 1041F
spatial patterning 1167–1169
EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transitions)
1042, 1101
endocrine cells, in signaling 815
endocytic-exocytic cycle 731
endocytic vesicles
endosome delivery 696F, 707
endosome formation and 730–732,
735
phagosomes as 738
synaptic vesicles from 746
endocytosis
of activated TGFβ receptors 865
defined 695
influenza virus infection by 709, 1280
as a lysosome delivery pathway 725
pathways 730–741
phagocytosis as 738
and receptor down-regulation 830
receptor-mediated 709, 727,
732–735, 849, 1281
endoderm 1147–1148, 1156, 1158,
1167–1168
endolysosomes 723, 724F, 730, 734F,
736, 1299, 1300T
endonucleases
AP endonuclease 269
mRNA destruction 427
tRNA splicing 336F
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
among intracellular compartments
642
area compared with plasma
membrane 643
ER resident proteins 647, 682–683,
685F, 711, 714
ER retention signals 682
ER retrieval signals 713
ER tail-anchored proteins 682
functions 669–691
junction complexes with mitochondria
691
membrane asymmetry 681
microtubules in organization 939
mitochondrial contacts with 755,
757F
mRNA localization and 421
nuclear envelope connection to 179,
180F
protein retrotranslocation 358, 686
protein transport to the Golgi
apparatus 710–722
rough and smooth ER 642, 670, 671F
rough ER in B cells 1309
source of lipid droplets 573
source of microsomes 445, 671–673
source of single pass membrane
proteins 577
see also sarcoplasmic reticulum
endoreplication 1194
endosome maturation 707, 730, 735–736
endosomes
among intracellular compartments
642
early and late 696F, 707, 730, 735,
1280–1281, 1285
Rab5 domain formation 707
recycling endosomes 696F, 706T, 730,
737–738, 739F
Toll-like receptors 1299F
tubule formation 705
endosymbiont hypothesis 800
endothelial cells, in blood vessels
1235–1238, 1311–1312
endothelin-3 1186
energetically favorable and unfavorable
reactions
carbon fixation as unfavorable 784
condensation reactions as unfavorable
66
coupling 60–61, 63–65, 76–78, 102
defined 57
DNA supercoiling as favorable 314
electron transfer as favorable 764
membrane transport of glucose as
favorable 603F
energetics
of active transport 600
of biological reactions 102
bond strengths 44F
catalysis and energy use 51–73
extraction of energy from food 73–88
geochemical energy 12
of glycolysis and oxidative
phosphorylation 756
hydrogen burning and oxidative
phosphorylation 761
membrane transport proteins 163
mitochondrial protein import 661F
Page numbers with an F refer to a figure; page numbers with a T refer to a table.