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Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter by by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morg

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Index I:33

in evolution of large organisms 771

from photosynthesis 782, 790, 791F

production by cyanobacteria 782

use by perixisomes 666–667

molecular switches see switches

molecular weights

analytical ultracentrifugation 455

gap junctions and 1051F

plasmodesmata and 1054

SDS-PAGE separation 452

see also macromolecules

molecule localization with fluorescence

microscopy 536–537

molten globules 354

monastrol 460F

monoallelic gene expression 411

monoclonal antibodies

fractionating tumor cells 1122

from hybridomas 444–445

ipilimumab 1138

in microscopy 539, 591F

against T cell inhibitory proteins 1337

trastuzumab 1137

monocytes 1231F, 1239–1240, 1241T,

1243F

monomeric GTPases 820, 821F

Rho family 843, 956

monosaccharides, as aldoses and ketoses

98

monoubiquitylation 735

morphogenesis

branching morphogenesis 1190,

1191F

defined 1146

in embryonic development

1184–1193

morphogens

Bicoid as 1159–1160

Dorsal as 1165

graded effects 866, 1151

neural development 1200

range 1153

response timing 824

Wnt and Hedgehog as 868, 871

morphological diversity, sticklebacks

1174–1175

mosaicism 410–411

motor neurons 630, 633, 634F, 858, 1199,

1208–1209, 1211

motor proteins 161–163

cytoskeleton 896

and microtubules 936–938, 1288

and mitotic spindle 982, 983–984

Rab effectors as 706

Toxoplasma gondii 1282

viruses and 1288

visualizing with TIRF 548

see also myosin

mouse (Mus musculus)

brain 502F, 542F, 624, 1250F

cancer-critical gene function

1118–1118

embryonic development of paw 1022

epidermis 1226F

epithelial cell lifetimes 1219

evolution rate 220F

genome comparison with human

220F, 221–222, 292

Hox gene effects 1171F

imprinting in 408F

iPS cell incorporation 1254

liver 1197

macrophage 739F

as model organism 29T, 33, 35–36

myosin mutation effects 923F

transposons in 292

X-inactivation in 411F

mouse, transgenic

“brainbow mice” 502F

knockout mice and 495–496, 1117

oncogene collaboration 1117–1118

RNA interference in 500

telomere studies 265

mouse-human hybrid cells 589F

movement, and protein conformation

changes 160–163

M6P receptor proteins 727, 728F

Mre11 complex 282–283F

MreB protein 896–897

mRNAs see messenger RNAs

mRNPs (messenger ribonucleoproteins)

655

MRSA (methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus) 1276

MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry) 457

MscL and MscS channels 620

MTOCs (microtubule-organizing centers)

891, 929–930, 931–932F, 936

see also centrosomes

mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)

860F, 861, 864T, 1114–1115

mucins 718

mucus 719–720, 749, 1276–1277, 1298

multicellularity

defined by the genome 29–30

evolution in plants and animals

880–881

noncoding DNA in 182

SH2 domains in 122

multidrug resistant cancers 1139

multidrug treatments, for cancer and AIDS

1139–1140

multienzyme complexes 148–149

multinucleate cells 1249

see also syncytia

multipass transmembrane proteins 578,

581–582

combinations of start- and stoptransfer

679–681

double-pass transmembrane proteins

679, 681F

ion-channel-coupled receptors as 818

KDEL receptor as 714

membrane transport proteins as 599,

664

Patched receptor as 872

rhodopsin/bacteriorhodopsin as

586–588, 681F

seven-pass transmembrane proteins

870, 872

multiphoton imaging 542

multiple sclerosis 625

multispecies conserved sequences

225–226

multiubiquitylation 735

multivesicular bodies

ESCRT complexes and 736–737

exocytosis 729

fusion 736

muntjac deer 183

Mus musculus see mouse

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors 843,

847F

muscle cells

Ca 2+ pump in SR 606–607

insect flight muscle 919F

muscle types 917, 1232, 1233F

myoblast migration 1185–1186

myotendinous junctions 1075, 1076T

neuromuscular junctions 630

muscle contraction

actin and myosin in 916–920

calcium (Ca 2+ ) ions in 920–923

smooth muscle 921–923

speed of 919

muscular dystrophy 948–949, 1072,

1077, 1234

MuSK receptor tyrosine kinase 1210

mutagenesis

Ames test for 1128

carcinogenesis link to 1094

mutational landscapes 1112F

mutations

characteristic order in colorectal

cancer 1125–1126

classical genetics approaches

485–488

complementation tests 487, 490

deducing gene function from 21–22,

496, 498–499

disease risk and 479, 493–494

effects in mitochondrial genomes

807–808

in germ cells and somatic cells

238–239

heterochronic mutants 1180, 1181F

identification through DNA analysis

491

intragenic mutations 16, 17F

libraries of 498–499

missense, in cancer-critical genes

1110F

mobile genetic elements and 287,

292

neutral mutations and population size

231–232

rates of in eukaryotes 234, 237

rates of in mitochondrial genomes

803–804

and RNA splicing patterns 323

S. pombe mutant phenotype 21F

somatic, in cancer cells 1094, 1104

types of 487, 1104

see also gain-of-function mutations;

loss-of-function mutations

mutator genes 250

MutH, MutL and MutS proteins 251F

MutL and MutS genes 1124

MutS protein 251F, 549F

mutualism, microbes with hosts 1264

myasthenia gravis 1315

Myc regulating protein

in cancers 1107, 1118

fibroblast reprogramming 1254–1255

p53 response 1115

see also OSKM factors

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1265, 1281,

1284F, 1285

Mycoplasma genitalium 9, 10F, 168, 499

myelination of neurons 625, 667

myeloid cells 1240

myoblasts 1185–1186, 1196, 1233–1234

MyoD gene 206F

MyoD transcription regulator 396, 399,

1170–1171, 1254, 1258

Page numbers with an F refer to a figure; page numbers with a T refer to a table.

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