Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter by by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morg

Index I:51
γ-tubulin 929, 930F, 982
tubulins 459
consequences of mutations 925
fluorescence-tagging 544, 545F
FtsZ as homolog 896
immunofluorescence 539F
in microtubules 891, 925
separation from samples 440
sequestration 935
tumor biopsies, genome sequencing
1141
tumor cells see cancer cells
tumor microenvironments 1100–1101,
1137, 1138F
tumor progression
colorectal cancers 1122–1126
correlation with mutation sequence
1125–1126
immune system and 1137, 1138F
loss of p53 function as essential 1126
metastatic and primary genomes
1119
natural selection in 1091–1092, 1096,
1104, 1118, 1119F, 1125
process 1095–1097, 1109, 1114F,
1115–1116, 1119
tumor suppressor genes
discovery 1107–1109
DNA sequence changes 1110F
examples 1110F, 1115
genetic and epigenetic inactivation
1108–1109, 1110F
loss-of-function mutation and 1104
tumor viruses 1105–1106, 1129–1132
tumors
benign and malignant 1092, 1093F
cell types in 1093, 1101F
defined 1092
growth rate 1094F
TUNEL technique (TdT-mediated dUTP
nick end labeling) 1024F
turbine analogy, ATP synthase 776–778
γ-TuRC (γ-tubulin ring complex) 929,
930–931F, 933
turgor pressure
extracellular matrix and 1058
plant cell walls and 1083, 1085
vacuoles and 724–725
turnover numbers 141, 142–143
turnover rates
connexins 1052, 1053F
Myc regulating protein 1107
and signal response speeds 825–826,
827F
Twist genes 1165, 1166F
Twist protein 1042
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
452–454
two-photon effect 542
Tyk2 as a JAK kinase 863, 864T
Type III fibronectin repeats 1066F, 1067–
1068, 1073
Type IV collagen 1058F, 1062, 1069–1073
Type XVII collagen 1037T, 1062, 1070,
1076F
tyrosine
structure 113
sulfation 719
thyroid hormones from 876
see also phosphotyrosine
tyrosine aminotransferases 371–372, 400
tyrosine-kinase-associated receptors 862
tyrosine kinase domains 849
tyrosine kinases
distinguished from serine/threonine
kinases 819–820
in protein kinase evolutionary tree
155F
regulation of Src kinase 155–156
see also cytoplasmic; receptor
tyrosine kinases
U
U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 see snRNAs
ubiquinone 765–766, 767F, 768–770,
771F, 772–773
ubiquitin
APC/C ubiquitylation in mitosis 992
histone side chain modifications 197F
monoubiquitylation, multiubiquitylation
and polyubiquitylation 735
and the proteasome 358F, 359
regulatory function 157–159, 165T
structure 159F
tagging proteins for degradation 736,
882, 992
see also E1; E2; SUMO
ubiquitin ligases (E3) 158, 359–360
APC/C as 360, 970
Parkin 727
SCF ubiquitin ligase 159–160, 164,
167–168, 971, 972F, 973, 1004
Smurf 866
Ubx (Ultrabithorax) gene/complex 1162F,
1164F
UIMs (ubiquitin-interaction motifs) 853
ultracentrifuges
analytical 455
preparative 445–447, 455
ultraviolet radiation 267–268, 269F, 1094
uncoupling protein 780
“unfoldases” 358, 359F
unfolded protein response 686–687
unidirectional rachets 162
uniporters 602, 605
units of length 531
universal gene families 20, 21T
unsaturated fatty acids 98
unsaturated lipids 571F
unstructured regions (proteins) see
disordered regions
untranslated regions, mRNA see UTRs
uORFs (upstream open reading frames)
424
uracil
from cytosine deamination 267T, 268,
269F, 1322–1323
in RNA 302, 303F
structure 100
urate oxidase in peroxisomes 666
urea as denaturing agent 453
urea cycle 760
uric acid 1301
uridine
dihydro- 335F, 337F
isomerization to pseudouridine 328
4-thio- 337F
uridine diphosphate glucose 69T
uronic acids see galacturonic; glucuronic;
iduronic
uterine cervix, cancers of 1093F, 1096F,
1129, 1131, 1265
UTRs (untranslated regions, mRNA) 184T
3ʹ and 5,ʹ control of translation
422–423
3ʹ-UTRs (untranslated regions, mRNA)
421–422, 430
V
V gene segments 1320–1321
v-Ras oncogene 1106
V region, Ig light chains 1320, 1321F,
1323F
v-Src gene 1105
V-type ATPases 723, 736, 743, 747F, 778
V-type pumps 606
vaccination
and the adaptive immune system
1297
immunization as the basis 1307
against Neisseria 1291
vaccine production through DNA
cloning 484
against virus diseases 1131, 1274,
1275F, 1291
Vaccinia virus 939, 1278, 1287F
vacuolar H + ATPases 723
vacuoles
as lysosomes 724–725
parasite containing 1283F, 1285,
1286F
products from 725
valine, structure 113
van der Waals attractions
atomic force microscopy and 548
lipid bilayers 572, 575
as noncovalent 44, 94
van der Waals radii 45F, 94, 110
van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie 440
vancomycin 1292–1293
variable regions, Ig light and heavy chains
1318–1319
variegation 807
position effect 195–197, 199–202,
205
variola (smallpox) virus 1265, 1273T
vasculogenesis and angiogenesis 1236
vasopressin 835T, 837T, 840T
VCAMs (vascular cell adhesion molecules)
1055
V(D)J recombination 275F, 290,
1320–1321, 1323, 1325, 1332
VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)
action via receptor tyrosine kinases
850T
angiogenesis and 1120, 1237
interaction with matrix proteins 1073
VegT transcription regulator 1156, 1173
“Velcro principle” 1039, 1079
velocity sedimentation 446, 447F
vernalization 1183–1184
vertebrate embryos
inductive signaling 1166, 1167F, 1177,
1184, 1198
nervous systems 1041F
spatial patterning 1167–1169
vertebrates
adaptive immune system 1307–1315
body plan inversion 1169
cyclins and Cdks 969T
desmosomes in 1046
Drosophila melanogaster as model 33
Page numbers with an F refer to a figure; page numbers with a T refer to a table.