Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter by by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morg

I:42 Index
quantitative analysis 38
quantitative approaches
importance for biology 509
transcription activators 510–514
transcription repressors 514
quantitative measurements
of gene expression 502–503
quantitative PT-PCR 502–503
quantum dots 538
quantum mechanics 532
quaternary structures 117, 841, 842F
quinones
as electron carriers 764–766, 767F,
768, 788
plastoquinones 767F, 789, 791–792F,
793
ubiquinone 765–766, 767F, 768–770,
771F, 772–773
quorum sensing 813
R
R-spondin protein 1222
Rab cascades 707, 708F, 721
Rab effectors 706–708
Rab family GTPases 278
as Ras superfamily members 854T
subcellular location 706T
in vesicular transport 705–709
Rab proteins, Legionella modification 739
rabies 1273T, 1274F, 1279
Rac protein
adherens junction assembly and
1043F
as Rho family members 854T, 858,
956–957
Rad51 protein 279, 281F, 282
Rad52 protein 281
radial glial cells 1200, 1201F
radiation
and cancer treatment 1132
and carcinogenesis 1094, 1128F,
1132–1133
Schmidtea mediterranea response
1248
ultraviolet light 267–268, 269F, 1094
x-rays and hematopoietic stem cells
1242
radioisotope labeling 452, 454, 466–467,
1219
radioresistant bacteria 483
Raf (MAP kinase kinase kinase) 856–857,
882
Ramachandran plots 111F
Ran-GAP protein 653–654, 656
Ran-GEF protein 653, 656
Ran-GTPases
as chromatin positional marker 656,
986
and nuclear pore complexes 653–654
as Ras superfamily members 854T
Rana pipiens 36F
“random coils” 1065, 1066F
random mutagenesis 485
random walks 59, 60F, 231, 652
Rap1 GTPase 1078F
rapid freezing 556, 561F
rapidly inactivating K + channels 635
Ras family GTPases 278, 854T
Ras oncogenes 1106, 1118, 1123,
1125
Ras-MAP kinase signaling pathway
anticancer drugs targeting 1137F
integrins and 1079
Myc transcription and 1012
Raf, Mek and Erk 856
see also RTK/Ras/PI3K pathway
Ras-PI3K pathway 1114
Ras proteins
activation mechanisms 855F
as GTPases 157, 158F, 161
signaling via MAP kinases 855–857
three human types 854
rate constants
actin polymerization 900, 902
association and dissociation 510F,
511
transcription rate constants 513
Rb gene mutations 1108–1109
Rb regulatory pathway 1113–1114
Rb (retinoblastoma) protein family
1012–1014
papillomavirus inactivation 1132
reaction centers, photochemical 783–784,
788–790, 796
evolution 793, 794F
reaction-diffusion systems 1152, 1153F
reaction rates
diffusion-limited rates 143
enzymatic acceleration 144
K m (half-maximal rate) 141, 143
and speed of molecular motions
59–60, 143
reader-writer complexes
chromatin domains and 202
nucleosome modifications 199–201,
406F
reading frames
and genome translation in silico
477, 482
Ig diversification and 1321
translation and 334, 342, 347
see also open reading frames
Reaper protein 1029
RecA protein 279–281
receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads)
865–866
receptor down-regulation 830, 848, 853
receptor editing 1313–1314, 1321
receptor inactivation 848
receptor-mediated endocytosis 709, 727,
732–735, 849
receptor sequestration 848
receptor serine/threonine kinases
865–866, 881
receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
dimerization on ligand binding 851
extracellular signaling and 850T
IGF1 action 850T, 852
insulin receptor as 824F
signaling overlaps with GPCRs
861–862
subfamilies 851F
see also RTK/Ras/PI3K pathway
receptors
cell-surface and intracellular 816F
in extracellular signaling 815–816,
831F
matrix receptors and co-receptors
1074
recessive mutations
cancer-critical genes 1005F, 1104
complementation tests 490
loss-of-function, as typically 489
Reclinomonas (R. americana) 801F, 805
recombinant DNA technology
elements of 464, 484F
and reverse genetics 494
recombination events 1291, 1292F
recombination mechanisms 287
conservative site-specific
recombination 292–295
transposons 288–292
recycling endosomes 696F, 706T, 730,
737–738, 739F
red blood cells
asymmetry of lipid bilayers 573, 574F
band 3 protein 605
cytoskeleton 591, 592F, 912
life-span 1244
plasma membrane 565F
see also erythropoietin
redox-driven pumps 601
redox pairs 764–765
redox potentials
along the respiratory chain 767, 768F,
879
chlorophyll A 0 792
defined 764
as measure of electron affinity
763–764
measurement and calculation of ∆G°
765
in photosynthesis 790F
reducing agents, in photosynthesis 796
reduction, as an electron transfer 55–56
refractive indices 532
refractory period, ion channels 622–623
regions of attraction 519F, 520
regulated exocytosis 748
regulated nuclear transport 419
regulated proteolysis 396F, 867, 970
regulated secretory pathway
distinguished from constitutive
secretory pathway 741, 742F
signaling in 744
regulatory DNA
as conserved 217
differences between animal species
1149, 1174–1175
in the human genome 185
as noncoding 7, 29
regulatory genes
multicellularity and 29–30
in vertebrate evolution 227F
regulatory networks, mathematics of
509–512
regulatory RNA, miRNAs as 1180
regulatory sites, allosteric enzymes 151
regulatory T cells 1314, 1325–1326,
1327F, 1328, 1331–1332, 1333F,
1335F
in immunological self-tolerance 1336
induced regulatory T cells 1336
release factors 344, 348, 562F
renaturation see hybridization
“repair factories” 213–214
repeated sequences 289
see also tandem repeats
replication bubbles 254F, 257–258
“replication factories” 1287
replication forks
asymmetry 240–244, 246