Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter by by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morg

I:46 Index
TGFβ signaling pathway 1117
Wnt signaling pathway 1124, 1157,
1160, 1179, 1190, 1220–1221
see also intracellular signaling; Notch;
Ras-MAP kinase; RTK/Ras/PI3K
pathway
signaling proteins
inducing differentiation in culture 1169
lysosomal degradation 735
membrane localization 577–579
vertebrate embryo patterning 1168
see also intracellular signaling proteins
“signatures” of transposition 289
silent mutations 238
SIM (structured illumination microscopy)
550
simulations 524, 1178
SINEs (short interspersed nuclear
elements) 218F, 291
see also Alu sequences
single-molecule localization methods
551–553
single-particle reconstruction/tracking
559F, 561–562, 586, 589, 593,
773F
single-pass transmembrane proteins
CD4 and CD8 co-receptors 1331
enzyme-coupled receptors as 819
Golgi apparatus 716
Notch and Delta as 867–868
structure 579, 582F, 677, 679F, 716
single-strand binding (SSB) proteins 246,
247–248F, 253, 256F
single-strand breaks, mismatch repair
250
single-stranded DNAs as probes 472
siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) 305T,
429, 431
sister-chromatid cohesion 964, 977, 992,
994, 1009
sister-chromatid resolution 979, 982
sister chromatids
bi-orientation 988–989
formation in interphase 185
formation in prophase 964
in homologous recombination 275
kinetochore attachment 987
at metaphase 214–215
nonhomologous end joining and 275F,
278
separation 992, 993F, 994
site-directed mutagenesis 543
site-specific recombination
conservative site-specific
recombination 292–295
TCR assembly 1325
transgenic mice 496
SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus)
1291F
S6K (S6 kinase) 1017
skeletal muscle
cells as syncytia 1233
genesis and regeneration of
1232–1235
myosin II in 915–916
organization of 917–919
from reprogrammed fibroblasts
396–397, 398F
see also muscle contraction
skin see epidermal
Skp1 protein (adaptor protein 2) 167–168
sliding clamps 247, 248–249F, 262, 274F
Slit protein 1203
Slug protein 1042
Smac/Diablo protein 1029
Smad family proteins 865–866, 1126F
Smad pathway 1197
small intestine
fastest self-renewal 1217, 1218F
stem cell location 1219
tight junctions 1037, 1049F
small molecules
in cancer treatment 1135–1137
coenzymes 146–148
diffusion 59, 598
inhibitors of protein function 459–460
intracellular signaling by 874–876
major families 47, 48F
passive diffusion into nuclei 650
second messengers as 819
shedding by stressed bacteria 620
transport by ABC transporters 609F
see also neurotransmitters
small noncoding RNAs 429–431
bacterial defense against viruses
433–434
miRNAs (microRNAs) 305T, 429–431,
1149
piRNAs (Piwi-interacting RNAs) 305T,
429, 433
regulatory role of three types 429
and RNA interference 429–431
siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) 305T,
429, 431
smallpox (variola) 1265–1266, 1273T,
1275, 1278, 1287F
SMC proteins (Structural Maintenance of
Chromosomes) 977, 982
smell (olfactory receptors) 824, 832,
843–846, 1250F
smoking see tobacco
smooth muscle 916–918, 921–923, 948
smooth muscle cells 1232, 1233F,
1235–1236, 1238
Smoothened protein 871–873
Smurf ubiquitin ligase 866
Snail protein 1042
snake venom 1068
SNARE complexes 709, 745
SNARE proteins 705, 707
in autophagy 726
in membrane fusion 708–709, 1280
subunit anchoring to ER 682
t-SNAREs and v-SNAREs 708–709,
712, 714, 745F, 747F, 751
snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs) 305T,
328
SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms)
disease predisposition and 493F
in population studies 232–233, 492
snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs)
function 305T
snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs)
305T, 328
as spliceosome components 319–320
snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins)
and Cajal bodies 331–332
and the nucleolus 330
as spliceosome components
319–322, 323F, 325–326, 329F
sodium see Na +
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 583, 584F
see also SDS-PAGE
Sog gene (Short gastrulation) 1165–1166,
1169
somatic cells
embryonic development 1158
mutation frequency 238–239
regeneration from 1247–1248, 1249F
self-sacrifice of 1091
somatic hypermutations 1321–1323,
1325, 1335–1336, 1338F
somatic mutations
in cancer cells 1094, 1104, 1112
see also driver; passenger mutations
somatosensory system 1204–1205
somatostatin 835–836
somites 1177–1179, 1185, 1187, 1189F,
1233
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) protein 1191,
1199, 1200F, 1202
Sordaria 1007F
sorting receptors 647–648
sorting signals
basolateral proteins 750
nuclear localization signals 651
and protein movements between
compartments 645–647
retrieval pathway to ER 713–714
secretory proteins 743
see also signal sequences
Sos protein (Son-of-sevenless) 824F, 855,
860
Sox2 transcription regulators 398–399F,
506F, 1254–1255
see also OSKM factors
spatial patterning
in embryonic development
1150–1154
lateral inhibition and 1171–1173
mechanisms 1155–1175
polarization as first step 1155
transient patterns 1160–1162
vertebrate embryos 1167–1169,
1177–1178
special pairs, chlorophyll 788–790,
791–792F, 793, 794F
speciation
conserved DNA sequences and 226
transposed DNA sequences and 292
species
antiviral defenses 432
characteristic transposon types 292
cross-species transmission 1279,
1291
different sex chromosomes in 486
exporting the CRISPR system to
497–498
extinct, genomes 479
gene number and complexity
415–416
interchangeability of homologous
proteins 1146
mitochondrial genomes compared
801F, 805F
number living today 2
protein sequences compared 36, 37F
regulatory DNA as distinguishing
1149, 1174–1175
size differences 1010, 1193–1197
tissue regenerative abilities 1247
variation of exon and intron lengths
322F