Diagnostic ultrasound ( PDFDrive )

I-42 Index
Nonrhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, 1399
Nonright-handedness, obstetric sonography and,
1040
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs),
822b, 823–824, 825f
Noonan syndrome
characteristics of, 1887
low-set ears in, 1148
pulmonic stenosis and, 1292
Norepinephrine, secretion of, 417
North American Symptomatic Carotid
Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), 916,
929
Nose, fetal
abnormalities of, 1151
bones of
absent, 1133–1134, 1150f
in aneuploidy screening, 1093–1095, 1094b,
1094f
NT in, 1094
in trisomy 21, 1099–1100, 1099f
normal sonographic appearance of, 1135f
saddle, in skeletal dysplasia, 1382
Notochord
disorders of midline
formation, 1689
integration, 1686–1689
in spine embryology, 1216–1217, 1217f,
1218t
Notochordal process, in spine embryology, 1217,
1217f, 1218t
Notochordal remnants, in spine embryology, 1217,
1217f, 1218t
NSGCTs. See Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
NT. See Nuchal translucency
NTDs. See Neural tube defects
Nuchal cord, 1483–1484
Nuchal fold, in trisomy 21, 1097–1099, 1099f,
1154–1159
Nuchal translucency (NT)
in aneuploidy risk assessment, 1018–1019, 1019f,
1049
CRL compared to, 1089, 1090f
echogenic material in yolk sac and, 1067–1068
in fetal nasal bone assessment, 1094
HPE and thickened, 1096f
measurement technique for, standardization of,
1091–1093, 1092b
with normal karyotype, 1095–1097, 1096f
screening of, human studies on, 1039–1040
thickened
abdominal wall defects and, 1095–1096
anencephaly and, 1096f
congenital heart defects and, 1095–1097,
1096f
in cystic hygroma, hydrops and, 1425
cystic hygroma and, 1096f
diaphragmatic hernia and, 1095–1096
fetal neck conditions and, 1154–1159
megacystitis and, 1096f
omphalocele and, 1096f
in trisomy 13, 1093
in trisomy 18, 1093
in trisomy 21, 1089, 1090f
Nutcracker syndrome (nutcracker phenomenon),
460–461, 462f, 838, 839f
Nutrients, yolk sac in transfer of, 1057
Nyquist limit, 29–30, 32f
O
Obesity
fatty liver in, 91
renal artery duplex Doppler sonography in,
447
Observed-to-expected lung-to-head ratio (o/e
LHR), 1262
Obstetric sonography. See also Pregnancy, irst
trimester of
auditory response in, 1038
bioefects of
animal research and, 1038–1039
behavioral changes and, 1040–1041
birth weight and, 1040
childhood malignancies and, 1041
congenital malformations and, 1041
delayed speech and, 1040
Doppler ultrasound and, 1041
dwell time and, 1036
dyslexia and, 1040
human studies on, 1039–1041
instrument outputs and, 1035–1036
mechanical, 1038
neurologic development and, 1040–1041
nonright-handedness and, 1040
scanning mode and, 1035
system setup and, 1035–1036, 1035f–1037f
thermal, 1036–1038
cell aggregation in, 1038
cell membrane alteration from, 1038
contrast agent avoidance in, 1038
default output power for, 1035
Doppler mode, sample volume and velocity
range in, 1036
duration of, as function of TI in, 1035–1036,
1036f, 1042t
equipment for, 1015–1016
ield of view in, 1036, 1036f
focal depth in, 1036, 1036f
frame rate in, 1036
guidelines for, 1016–1022
in irst trimester, 1016–1019, 1016b,
1017f–1020f
level I examination in, 1019–1020,
1021f–1029f
level II examination in, 1019–1022, 1023b
in second and third trimesters, 1019–1022,
1020b
hemolysis from, 1038
in hydrops diagnosis, 1432–1433
MI in, 1035
personnel for, 1015–1016
receiver gain in, 1036
for routine screening, 1022–1031
beneits of, 1030b
for fetal malformations, diagnostic accuracy
of, 1030
in gestational age estimation, 1022–1029
perinatal outcomes and, 1029–1030
prudent use of, 1030–1031
three- and four-dimensional ultrasound in,
1030, 1042, 1043f
in twin/multiple pregnancy identiication,
1029
safety of, 1034–1035
guidelines for, 1041–1042, 1042t, 1043f
tactile sensation in, 1038
training for, 1015–1016
transducer heating in, 1038
transducer selection for, 1035
volume imaging in, 1030
Obstructed hernias, 496–497
Obstructive cystic renal dysplasia, 1347–1348,
1347f–1348f
Obstructive uropathy, CKD and, 1796–1798
Occipital issure, neonatal/infant, development of,
1520–1521
Occipital horn(s)
atrium of fetal, transverse measurement in, 1178
neonatal/infant
in coronal imaging, 1515
in corpus callosum agenesis, 1528,
1530f–1531f
Occipital horn(s) (Continued)
in posterior fontanelle imaging, 1517,
1518f
Occipital lobe cortex, neonatal/infant, in coronal
imaging, 1514f, 1515
Occipitofrontal diameter, in gestational age
determination, 1446, 1447f
Occlusion, 27
o/e LHR. See Observed-to-expected lung-to-head
ratio
OEIS complex, 1328–1329, 1329f, 1365–1366, 1689
OHS. See Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Oligodactyly
deinition of, 1399
fetal, 1406f
Oligohydramnios
deinition of, 1340
diagnostic signiicance of, 1340–1341
early, 1066, 1067f
fetal lung size and, 1244
in sirenomelia, 1238
Oligospermia, prostate and, 393
Omental cakes, 266, 267f
Omentum
cysts of, pediatric ovarian cysts diferentiated
from, 1875
greater, 505, 505f
herniated, 1902
infarction of
pediatric, appendicitis diferentiated from,
1858–1860, 1858f
right-sided segmental, 288, 289f, 521, 523f
lesser, 505
Omohyoid muscle, 692f, 694
Omphalocele
detection of, early, 1018–1019, 1020f
fetal, 1325–1326, 1326f
associated conditions with, 1325, 1327f
cloacal exstrophy and, 1328
epidemiology of, 1325
management of, 1325–1326
pentalogy of Cantrell and, 1329
prenatal diagnosis of, 1325, 1327f
liver herniation in, 80
maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein elevation in,
1228
in Miller-Dieker syndrome, 1195
with spina biida, 1233
thickened NT and, 1096f
in triploidy, 1105f
in trisomy 18, 1103, 1103f
fetal, 1325
Omphalomesenteric duct, 1059
Oncocytoma, renal, 348–351
Oncotype DX test, 396
One-Stop Clinic to Assess Risk (OSCAR), 1090
Oocyte, transport of, 1049
Ophthalmic artery
cerebrovascular disease indicators with SCD and
low in, 1599f
evaluation of, orbital approach to, 1592, 1596f
Opisthorchiasis, biliary tree and, 178–179
Opportunistic infection, Pneumocystis carinii and,
91, 91f
Optison, 56
harmonic emission from, 58–59, 59f
Oral contraceptives, hepatic adenomas and, 1746
Oral-facial-digital syndrome 4, 1395
Orbital window, for TCD sonography, 1592, 1596f
Orbits, fetal
abnormalities of, 1140–1143
anophthalmia as, 1140, 1145f
coloboma as, 1143, 1146f
congenital cataracts as, 1143, 1147b
dacryocystocele as, 1143, 1147f
exorbitism as, 1140