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1382 PART IV Obstetric and Fetal SonographyFIG. 40.4 Patterns of Limb Shortening. Left to right, Normal, mesomelia, rhizomelia, mild micromelia, mild and curved micromelia, and severemicromelia. (Courtesy of J. Tomash, MD, University of Toronto.)from OI and thanatophoric dysplasia, which are both morecommon. Bone fractures may appear as angulations or interruptionsin the bone contour or as thick, wrinkled contourscorresponding to repetitive cycles of fracture and callus formation(see Fig. 40.2F). Decreased or absent acoustic shadowing is amarker for decreased mineralization of the long bones. Whenevident, this is helpful in narrowing the diferential diagnosis,but in its absence the bone mineralization may still beabnormal.he spine is assessed for segmentation anomalies, kyphoscoliosis,platyspondyly (lattened vertebral bodies), demineralization,myelodysplasia, and caudal regression syndromes.Although platyspondyly is the most common spine abnormality,it is a challenging prenatal diagnosis. 37 Demineralization ofthe spine can result in the appearance of ghost vertebrae ornonvisualization of one or all of the three ossiication centers(Fig. 40.5). A progressively narrowed lumbar interpediculardistance is associated with homozygous achondroplasia; awidened interpedicular distance is associated with myelodysplasia.hree-dimensional imaging may provide a large ield ofview and additional details that may be helpful in achieving adiagnosis (Fig. 40.6).he most reliable prognostic indicator of the lethality of agiven skeletal dysplasia is pulmonary hypoplasia. Ultrasoundis 85% to 95% accurate in the diagnosis of a lethal skeletal dysplasiaon the basis of pulmonary hypoplasia. 8,9 he thoracic circumferenceis measured at the level of the four-chamber heart andcompared to nomograms (see Chapter 36, Table 36.2). A thoracicto-abdominalcircumference ratio of less than 0.8 is consideredabnormal. he thoracic length (from the neck to the diaphragm)is also measured, and the ribs are assessed to determine if theyare short. At the level of the four-chamber cardiac view, theribs should normally encircle at least 70% of the thoraciccircumference. 38 he ribs remain in a relatively horizontal plane,as does the cardiac axis, facilitating this evaluation. In a sagittalview, a markedly narrowed anteroposterior diameter of the thoraxis associated with pulmonary hypoplasia. In the coronal view, aconcave or bell-shaped contour is associated with pulmonaryhypoplasia (Fig. 40.7).he hands and feet are examined for deformities such asclubfoot or clubhand. A hitchhiker thumb, or abducted thumb,is associated with diastrophic dwarism. Fixed postural deformitiesmay suggest the diagnosis of arthrogryposis multiplexcongenita. Polydactyly is associated with short-rib polydactylysyndromes, Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, asphyxiating thoracicdystrophy, and some chromosomal abnormalities.he fetal cranium is assessed for the presence of macrocranium,frontal bossing, cloverleaf skull deformity, underlyingbrain abnormalities, and facial abnormalities, such as saddlenose, hypertelorism, and clet lip and palate. An abnormalcranial contour may indicate craniosynostosis or prematurefusion of the sutures. he most reliable sonographic sign ofdemineralization is increased compressibility of the calvarium.his inding is typically present in fetuses with osteogenesisimperfecta type II and hypophosphatasia. he falx may appearabnormally bright or echogenic compared to the demineralizedcalvarium.he ribs are assessed to ensure an adequate length, thusminimizing the risk of pulmonary hypoplasia, and are examinedfor abnormal number or appearance. 39 he inding of an abnormalnumber of fetal ribs is an isolated inding of no clinical importancein the majority of cases, 39 associated with minor anomalies in asmaller group (29%) and only occasionally associated with severemalformations. Associated syndromes include Poland syndrome,VACTERL association (vertebral abnormalities, anal atresia,cardiac abnormalities, tracheoesophageal istula, renal agenesis
CHAPTER 40 The Fetal Musculoskeletal System 1383ABCFIG. 40.5 Spine Ossiication Centers. In lethal skeletal dysplasias,assessment of the fetal spine ossiication centers can provide helpfulclues to the speciic diagnosis. The following cases are all lethal on thebasis of pulmonary hypoplasia, as evidenced by short ribs and a smallthoracic circumference. (A) Short-rib polydactyly syndrome with normalossiication of all three spine ossiication centers (circle). (B) Achondrogenesiswith demineralization of all three spine ossiication centers (circle).(C) Hypophosphatasia with demineralization of the posterior ossiicationcenters but mineralization of the vertebral body (circle).ABFIG. 40.6 Spondylocostal Dysostosis at 22 Weeks. (A) Sagittal image demonstrates abnormal spine segmentation. (B) Three-dimensionalrendering of the spine further clariies the abnormal development of the spine and ribs with abnormal misshapen and abnormally fused vertebraeleading to scoliosis, short trunk length, and widely variant rib spacing.
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viiiContributorsOlga R. Brook, MDAs
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xContributorsChristy K. Holland, Ph
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xiiContributorsRupa Radhakrishnan,
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xxiiContentsVOLUME IIPART IV Obstet
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xxivVideo ContentsVideo 12.8 Angiog
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xxviVideo ContentsVideo 26.20 High-
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xxviiiVideo Contents42 Fetal Measur
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2 PART I Physicsphysics. he amplitu
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4 PART I Physics× ms×FIG. 1.4 Ult
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6 PART I Physicsθ 1 = 20°Tissue A
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8 PART I Physicssignature. Broad-ba
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10 PART I PhysicsFIG. 1.13 B-Mode I
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12 PART I PhysicsIn these transduce
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14 PART I PhysicsFIG. 1.17 Tissue H
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16 PART I PhysicsKey Points of Ultr
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18 PART I PhysicsA - Normal liverv
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20 PART I PhysicsFIG. 1.27 Reverber
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22 PART I Physics-0 dBUncorrected-0
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24 PART I Physicsθ = 0°cos θ = 1
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26 PART I PhysicsABFIG. 1.38 Color
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28 PART I PhysicsChanges in Doppler
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30 PART I PhysicsABFIG. 1.44 Wall F
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32 PART I PhysicsABCDFIG. 1.46 Alia
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CHAPTER2Biologic Effects and Safety
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36 PART I PhysicsPressurePulse repe
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38 PART I PhysicsUltrasound imaging
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40 PART I Physicsacoustic power and
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42 PART I PhysicsFIG. 2.6 Acoustic
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44 PART I PhysicsThe AIUM Statement
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46 PART I Physics1. Current ultraso
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48 PART I PhysicsEPIDEMIOLOGYWith a
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50 PART I Physicscontrols whether t
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52 PART I Physics70. Hwang JH, Tu J
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54 PART I PhysicsA B 5 μmFIG. 3.1
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56 PART I Physicsstudies with Levov
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58 PART I Physicsabdominal organs.
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60 PART I PhysicsHarmonic B-Mode Im
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62 PART I PhysicsFIG. 3.9 Contrast-
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64 PART I Physicsdramatic manifesta
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66 PART I Physics5 µmFIG. 3.15 Fra
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68 PART I Physicsplatelet lysis), n
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70 PART I PhysicsEnhancement1 2 3 4
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72 PART I Physics46. Hamilton MF, B
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PART TWO: Abdominal and Pelvic Sono
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76 PART II Abdominal and Pelvic Son
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100 PART II Abdominal and Pelvic So
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ABFIG. 5.20 Microabscesses in Two P
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ABFIG. 6.32 Distal Cholangiocarcino
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CHAPTER7The PancreasThomas Winter a
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CHAPTER8The Gastrointestinal TractS
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ABFIG. 8.16 Lymphadenopathy in Two
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A B CD E FG H IFIG. 8.23 Inlammator
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FIG. 8.56 Gastrointestinal Stromal
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CHAPTER9The Kidney and Urinary Trac
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Remnant ofpronephrosMesonephrosBMes
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CHAPTER11The Adrenal GlandsChristin
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CHAPTER12The RetroperitoneumRaymond
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CHAPTER13Dynamic Ultrasound of Hern
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CHAPTER14The PeritoneumAnthony E. H
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CHAPTER15The UterusDouglas Brown an
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CHAPTER16The AdnexaRochelle Filker
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692 PART III Small Parts, Carotid A
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CHAPTER20The Parathyroid GlandsBonn
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*** *FIG. 21.8 Terminal Ductolobula
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CHAPTER22The ScrotumDaniel Sommers
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CHAPTER23Overview of Musculoskeleta
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CHAPTER25Musculoskeletal Interventi
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ABCDFIG. 25.15 Biceps Tendon Sheath
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CHAPTER27Peripheral VesselsMark E.
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ABFIG. 27.29 Chronic Deep Venous Th
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1000 PART III Small Parts, Carotid
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e2APPENDIXUltrasound Artifacts: A V
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FIG. A.18 Comet-Tail Artifact. On c
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e12APPENDIXUltrasound Artifacts: A
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I-2 IndexAcetabulumdescription of,
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I-4 IndexAnemiafetal, hydrops from,
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I-6 IndexAttenuationcoeicient, 36of
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I-8 IndexBlood low. See also Cerebr
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I-10 IndexBreast(s) (Continued)thic
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I-12 IndexCat-scratch disease, pedi
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I-14 IndexChorion laeve, 1465-1466C
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I-16 IndexContrast agents (Continue
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I-18 IndexCyst(s) (Continued) Cyst(
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I-20 IndexDoppler ultrasound (Conti
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I-22 IndexEndocardial cushion(s), 1
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I-24 IndexFibroma(s) (Continued)par
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I-26 IndexGerminal epithelium, 565G
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I-28 IndexHematoma(s) (Continued)pe
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I-30 IndexHoloprosencephaly (HPE) (
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I-32 IndexImplants, breast (Continu
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I-34 IndexJaundice (Continued)bile
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I-36 IndexLipomyelocele, closed spi
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I-38 IndexMammary ductsnormal sonog
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I-40 IndexMolar pregnancy. See Hyda
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I-42 IndexNonrhizomelic chondrodysp
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I-44 IndexPancreas (Continued)percu
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I-46 IndexPeritoneum (Continued)tum
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I-48 IndexPosterior fossa (Continue
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I-50 IndexPyloric musclehypertrophy
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I-52 IndexSample volume size, Doppl
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I-54 IndexSpectral broadening, in D
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I-56 IndexSuperoanteromedial ridge,
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I-58 Indexhrombosis (Continued)of s
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I-60 IndexTrisomy 18 (Edwards syndr
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I-62 IndexUrinary tract, pediatric
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I-64 IndexWalker-Warburg syndromeco
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DIAGNOSTICULTRASOUND
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DIAGNOSTICULTRASOUND5TH EDITIONCARO
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ABOUT THE EDITORSCarol M. Rumack, M
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ContributorsviiCONTRIBUTORSJacques
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ContributorsixPeter M. Doubilet, MD
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ContributorsxiAna P. Lourenco, MDAs
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ContributorsxiiiWendy hurston, MDAs
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In memory of my parents, Drs. Ruth
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PrefacexviiPREFACEhe ith edition of
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AcknowledgmentsxixACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe
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ContentsxxiCONTENTSVOLUME IPART I P
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Video ContentsxxiiiVIDEO CONTENTS4
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Video Contentsxxv19 The Thyroid Gla
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Video Contentsxxvii33 The Fetal Fac
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Video Contentsxxix52 The Pediatric
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DIAGNOSTICULTRASOUND
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PART FOUR: Obstetric and Fetal Sono
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CHAPTER 28 Overview of Obstetric Im
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ABCDFIG. 28.9 Second-Trimester Biom
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CHAPTER 29 Bioeffects and Safety of
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CHAPTER 30 The First Trimester 1049
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CHAPTER 31 Chromosomal Abnormalitie
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ABCDFIG. 31.12 Sonographic Findings
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CHAPTER32Multifetal PregnancyMary C
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CHAPTER 32 Multifetal Pregnancy 111
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ABFIG. 32.5 Sonographic Findings Se
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CHAPTER33The Fetal Face and NeckAna
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CHAPTER 33 The Fetal Face and Neck
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ABCDFIG. 33.13 Hypertelorism With E
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ABCDFIG. 33.16 Dacryocystocele. (A)
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ABCDEFFIG. 33.24 Unilateral Complet
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1167impo
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1169cmAB
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CingulatePOCalcarineAB21 wkCD25 wkI
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1173FIG.
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1175LTAR
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1177CC12
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1179SPEC
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1181ABCD
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1183asym
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1185FIG.
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1187Cere
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1189loba
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1191ABCF
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1193ABCF
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1195spor
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ABCCCDEFFIG. 34.24 Type 2 Lissencep
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1199ABFI
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 120120 w
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1203Ultr
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1205ABCD
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VSSABHHPHCDEFFIG. 34.35 Intracrania
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1209VABC
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1211Huma
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1213121.
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1215221.
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1217ABCF
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1219L1S3
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1221FTFT
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1223FIG.
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1225TABL
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1227Feta
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1229MMAB
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ABCDEFFIG. 35.15 Skin-Covered Myelo
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1233diic
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1235CCSC
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1237chon
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1239BSCT
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 124162.
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CHAPTER36The Fetal ChestDorothy Bul
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1245seco
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1247TABL
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1249Left
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 12511ABC
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1253ABCF
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1255cent
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1257Left
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1259ABCD
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1261RTLT
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1263ARig
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 12659. B
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1267107.
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1269204.
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1271TABL
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1273TABL
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1275Plac
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1277ADop
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1279LVRV
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1281RARV
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1283RARV
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1285Norm
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1287RVLV
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1289RVTA
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1291LVRA
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1293Aspl
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1295PLVL
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1297HR-L
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 129951.
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CHAPTER 38 The Fetal Gastrointestin
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Page 1511 and 1512: CHAPTER 39 The Fetal Urogenital Tra
Page 1549 and 1550: CHAPTER 40 The Fetal Musculoskeleta
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Page 1585 and 1586: CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1413ABFIG.
Page 1587 and 1588: ABCDFIG. 41.2 Ascites. (A) Fluid ou
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1433TABLE
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1435sampli
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1437Predel
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 143973. Ma
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1441169. I
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CHAPTER42Fetal Measurements: Normal
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1445F
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1447T
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1451p
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1453d
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1455A
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1459A
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 14618
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 14631
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CHAPTER43Sonographic Evaluation oft
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CHAPTER 43 Sonographic Evaluation o
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CHAPTER44Cervical Ultrasound and Pr
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CHAPTER 44 Cervical Ultrasound and
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PART FIVE: Pediatric SonographyCHAP
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CHAPTER 45 Neonatal and Infant Brai
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CHAPTER46Duplex Sonography of the N
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CHAPTER 46 Duplex Sonography of the
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CHAPTER47Doppler Sonography of the
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CHAPTER 47 Doppler Sonography of th
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CHAPTER 48 The Pediatric Head and N
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CHAPTER 49 The Pediatric Spinal Can
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RA B CDEFGFIG. 49.27 Neuroblastoma
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CHAPTER50The Pediatric ChestChetan
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CHAPTER 50 The Pediatric Chest 1703
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CHAPTER 51 The Pediatric Liver and
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ABCFIG. 51.39 Hepatosplenomegaly. W
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CHAPTER52The Pediatric Urinary Trac
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CHAPTER 52 The Pediatric Urinary Tr
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TABLE 52.4 Mean Total Renal Volumes
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CHAPTER53The Pediatric Gastrointest
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CHAPTER 53 The Pediatric Gastrointe
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CHAPTER 54 Pediatric Pelvic Sonogra
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CHAPTER 55 The Pediatric Hip and Ot
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ABCDFIG. 55.13 Normal and Dislocate
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CHAPTER 56 Pediatric Interventional
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ABCFIG. 56.15 Access for Drainage o
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APPENDIXUltrasound Artifacts: A Vir
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APPENDIX Ultrasound Artifacts: A Vi
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IndexAAA anastomoses. See Arterial/
Page 2181 and 2182:
Index I-3Adnexa (Continued)transvag
Page 2183 and 2184:
Index I-5Arrays, transducer, 11-12A
Page 2185 and 2186:
Index I-7Bioefects (Continued) Biop
Page 2187 and 2188:
Index I-9Brain, neonatal/infant (Co
Page 2189 and 2190:
Index I-11Carcinoma(s) (Continued)
Page 2191 and 2192:
Index I-13Cervix (Continued)for sym
Page 2193 and 2194:
Index I-15Color Doppler ultrasound
Page 2195 and 2196:
Index I-17Cystic artery, 194promine
Page 2197 and 2198:
Index I-19Diabetes mellituschronic
Page 2199 and 2200:
Index I-21Echinococcal disease (Con
Page 2201 and 2202:
Index I-23Exudate ascites, 506-507E
Page 2203 and 2204:
Index I-25Gallbladder (Continued)ad
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Index I-27Gyriabnormalities of, in
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Index I-29Hernia(s). See also Diaph
Page 2209 and 2210:
Index I-31Hyperechoic tissue, in br
Page 2211 and 2212:
Index I-33Internal jugular vein (IJ
Page 2213 and 2214:
Index I-35Kidneys, pediatric (Conti
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Index I-37Liver transplantation (Co
Page 2217 and 2218:
Index I-39Mesentery, small bowel, 5
Page 2219 and 2220:
Index I-41Nasal bone, fetal (Contin
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Index I-43Orbits, fetal (Continued)
Page 2223 and 2224:
Index I-45Patau syndrome. See Triso
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Index I-47Pleural efusionsfetal, 12
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Index I-49Prostate (Continued)thera
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Index I-51Renal transplantation (Co
Page 2231 and 2232:
Index I-53Shunt(s) (Continued) Skel
Page 2233 and 2234:
Index I-55Splenic vein (Continued)t
Page 2235 and 2236:
Index I-57Testis(es) (Continued)cys
Page 2237 and 2238:
Index I-59Transcranial Doppler (TCD
Page 2239 and 2240:
Index I-61Umbilical cord, 1481-1487
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Index I-63Vein of Galen (Continued)
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