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Diagnostic ultrasound ( PDFDrive )

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FIG. 33.16 Dacryocystocele. (A) Sonogram at 33 weeks shows unilateral dacryocystocele (arrow). (B) Axial sonogram at 35 weeks shows

luid collections anteromedial to each orbit, consistent with bilateral dacryocystoceles (arrows). (C) and (D) Axial and sagittal magnetic resonance

images of a different 35-week fetus with a right dacryocystocele (arrow).

Associations With Microphthalmos

Single-gene disorders

Walker-Warburg syndrome

Fraser (cryptophthalmos) syndrome

Meckel Gruber syndrome

Chromosomal abnormalities

Trisomy 13

Trisomy 18

Drugs or irradiation

Ionizing radiation (4-11 weeks)

Ethanol

Thalidomide

Isotretinoin (retinoic acid)

Maternal disease

Diabetes

Cytomegalovirus

Rubella

Toxoplasmosis

Other

Encephalocele

Orbital tumors

CHARGE syndrome

VATER association

Differential Diagnosis of Congenital Cataracts

Arthrogryposis

Chondrodysplasia punctata

Congenital aniridia

Congenital ichthyosis

Chromosomal abnormalities (21, 18, 13)

G6PD deiciency

Homocystinuria

Hypochondroplasia

Microphthalmia

Infection

Rubella

Toxoplasmosis

Syndromes

Marfan

Neu-Laxova

Smith-Lemli-Opitz

Walker-Warburg

X-linked cataract (Hutterite)

G6PD, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

CHARGE, Coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, growth/

development restriction, genital/ear anomalies; VATER, vertebral

defect, imperforate anus, tracheoesophageal istula, radial and renal

dysplasia.

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