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1618 PART V Pediatric Sonographyat less than 10 seconds following contrast injection on TCDexamination with Valsalva maneuver is diagnostic of right-to-letshunt with high sensitivity and speciicity. 29 In pediatric patients,TCD can detect shunt resolution in patients with a moderate tolarge patent ductus arteriosus by a decrease in RI as the ductcloses. 159Brain DeathEstablishing brain death can be problematic, with rapid identiicationuseful when considering organ transplant donation. Neurologicexamination, electroencephalography, brainstem-evokedpotentials, and nuclear blood low studies can be used at timesto establish brain death. TCD is another noninvasive tool, whichcan be repeated as oten as required, is portable, inexpensive,and easy to perform. For patients in phenobarbital coma in whichelectroencephalography is not diagnostic, TCD is particularlyhelpful in demonstrating the severity of cerebrovascularcompromise. 160-162Ater a severe asphyxiating event, an initial drop in RI maybe caused by vasodilation from loss of autoregulation. As cerebraledema develops, there is loss of forward diastolic low, followedby reversal of diastolic low. Cessation of cerebral blood lowthen occurs at the microcirculation level. he larger vessels willdistend, then constrict, and eventually thrombose or collapse.As ICP increases above mean arterial pressure, arrest of cerebralcirculation results in a decrease in antegrade systolic velocity.Small, early systolic spikes and complete cessation of antegradelow then develops. Eventually, no systolic or diastolic low canbe detected 142,161 (Fig. 47.23, Videos 47.4 and 47.5).Sonographic Criteria for Brain Death AfterFontanelle ClosureSustained reversal of diastolic lowSmall, early systolic spikesNo low in middle cerebral artery (MCA), with reversal ofdiastolic low in extracranial internal carotid artery (inpatient with previously documented low)Mean velocity in MCA < 10 cm/sec for more than 30minuteshere is some concern as to the reliability of TCD sonographyin assessing infant brain death. Many factors are associated withreversal of diastolic low (thus RI > 1.0) in the neonate, mostoten increased ICP with or without hydrocephalus and a patentductus arteriosus 4,163 (see Table 47.4). In neonates, low RI hasbeen described in patients clinically dead, whereas infants withhigh RIs have survived. 163,164 A greatly elevated RI (1-2) in a terminfant with no evidence of hydrocephalus or a patent ductusarteriosus strongly suggests brain death. 165Sustained reversal of diastolic low is characteristic of essentiallyabsent efective cerebral blood low in the adult and olderchild 164,166 (Fig. 47.24). In two independent studies of a total of91 comatose patients, Petty et al. 167 and Feri et al. 168 found a TCDwaveform of absent or complete reversed diastolic low or small,early systolic spikes in at least two intracranial arteries in all 43brain-dead patients, but in none of other patients with coma(age range, 2-88 years). Bulas et al. 169 reported a study in 19children (aged 4-14 years) who sustained severe closed-headinjury. All seven children with complete retrograde diastolic lowon the initial examination met brain death criteria within 24hours of that study. Feri et al. 168 and Shiogai et al. 166 describedthree unstable patients who briely showed diastolic reversal lowfollowed by a forward diastolic low in the same waveform whoimproved, but of the patients Feri et al. observed, none withcomplete reversal of diastolic low survived.here have been a few reported pediatric cases of mild diastolicreversed low who later demonstrate recovery of forward diastoliclow and brainstem function. Kirkham et al. 160 therefore suggestedusing a direction of low index (DFI = 1 − maximum diastolicvelocity area/maximum systolic velocity area). All children withsubstantial diastolic reversed low and a time-averaged velocityof less than 10 cm/sec over a 30-minute period died. Someinvestigators have advocated continuous TCD monitoring. Powerset al. 161 showed that a mean velocity in the MCA of less than10 cm/sec for longer than 30 minutes was not compatible withsurvival. Qian et al. 170 found that in children, reversed diastoliclow, small systolic forward low, or a direction of low indexless than 0.8 in the MCA for more than 2 hours was a reliableindicator of brain death. Undetectable low in the brain has alsobeen described in brain death. 166,168-171 he occurrence of undetectableMCA low, however, could sometimes be caused by technicalfactors, including absence of an appropriate acoustic window.he use of contrast agents may improve the level of conidencewhen no low is encountered.Some investigators have studied both the extracranial andthe intracranial carotid circulation simultaneously in their evaluationof brain death. Feri et al. 168 described three waveformpatterns in the MCA as well as in the extracranial internal carotidand vertebral arteries as speciic for brain death: (1) diastolicreversed low without systolic forward low, (2) brief systolicforward low, and (3) undetectable low. Absence of MCA lowon TCD sonography, with a simultaneous recording of completereversal of diastolic low in the extracranial ICA, was a reliablesign of cerebral circulatory arrest. Some investigators have studiedonly the extracranial carotid circulation in the neck. Jalili et al. 172reported 100% speciicity for brain death with bilateral reversalof diastolic low in the ICA of children with brain death.he ease of performing TCD sonography and the ability torepeat the study as oten as necessary also assist in proving theabsence of brain death, particularly when a patient has takensedative drugs (Fig. 47.25). It is important to remember thatTCD examination is a proven useful conirmatory examinationand is not used in isolation 173 ; when used in combination withelectroencephalography, speciicity is up to 100%. 174 A recentstudy by Sharma et al. 175 evaluated the utility of TCD as adiagnostic test when clinical diagnosis was not possible due toconfounding factors. hey demonstrated that TCD can help makean early diagnosis of brain death and can also be used to assessprognosis. hus, in patients where brain dead criteria are notmet, the presence of a waveform consistent with cerebral circulatoryarrest in at least one major cerebral artery is associated with
CHAPTER 47 Doppler Sonography of the Brain in Children 1619ABCDEFFIG. 47.23 Patterns of Pediatric TCD Spectral Doppler Waveforms in Impending Brain Death. (A) and (B) Reversal of diastolic low. Seealso Videos 47.4 and 47.5. (C) Brief systolic forward low with diminished peak velocity and no diastolic low. (D) No discernible systolic or diastoliclow. (E) and (F) Lateral and anteroposterior projections of a carotid arteriogram in a 13-year-old status post motor vehicle accident demonstratelack of intracranial circulation conirming brain death.
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1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.Ste 1800P
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viiiContributorsOlga R. Brook, MDAs
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xContributorsChristy K. Holland, Ph
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xiiContributorsRupa Radhakrishnan,
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xxiiContentsVOLUME IIPART IV Obstet
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xxivVideo ContentsVideo 12.8 Angiog
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xxviVideo ContentsVideo 26.20 High-
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xxviiiVideo Contents42 Fetal Measur
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2 PART I Physicsphysics. he amplitu
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4 PART I Physics× ms×FIG. 1.4 Ult
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6 PART I Physicsθ 1 = 20°Tissue A
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8 PART I Physicssignature. Broad-ba
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10 PART I PhysicsFIG. 1.13 B-Mode I
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12 PART I PhysicsIn these transduce
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14 PART I PhysicsFIG. 1.17 Tissue H
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16 PART I PhysicsKey Points of Ultr
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18 PART I PhysicsA - Normal liverv
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20 PART I PhysicsFIG. 1.27 Reverber
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22 PART I Physics-0 dBUncorrected-0
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24 PART I Physicsθ = 0°cos θ = 1
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26 PART I PhysicsABFIG. 1.38 Color
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28 PART I PhysicsChanges in Doppler
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30 PART I PhysicsABFIG. 1.44 Wall F
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32 PART I PhysicsABCDFIG. 1.46 Alia
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CHAPTER2Biologic Effects and Safety
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36 PART I PhysicsPressurePulse repe
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38 PART I PhysicsUltrasound imaging
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40 PART I Physicsacoustic power and
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42 PART I PhysicsFIG. 2.6 Acoustic
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44 PART I PhysicsThe AIUM Statement
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46 PART I Physics1. Current ultraso
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48 PART I PhysicsEPIDEMIOLOGYWith a
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50 PART I Physicscontrols whether t
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52 PART I Physics70. Hwang JH, Tu J
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54 PART I PhysicsA B 5 μmFIG. 3.1
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56 PART I Physicsstudies with Levov
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58 PART I Physicsabdominal organs.
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60 PART I PhysicsHarmonic B-Mode Im
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62 PART I PhysicsFIG. 3.9 Contrast-
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64 PART I Physicsdramatic manifesta
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66 PART I Physics5 µmFIG. 3.15 Fra
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68 PART I Physicsplatelet lysis), n
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70 PART I PhysicsEnhancement1 2 3 4
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72 PART I Physics46. Hamilton MF, B
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PART TWO: Abdominal and Pelvic Sono
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76 PART II Abdominal and Pelvic Son
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100 PART II Abdominal and Pelvic So
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ABFIG. 5.20 Microabscesses in Two P
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ABFIG. 6.32 Distal Cholangiocarcino
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CHAPTER7The PancreasThomas Winter a
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CHAPTER8The Gastrointestinal TractS
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ABFIG. 8.16 Lymphadenopathy in Two
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A B CD E FG H IFIG. 8.23 Inlammator
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FIG. 8.56 Gastrointestinal Stromal
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CHAPTER9The Kidney and Urinary Trac
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Remnant ofpronephrosMesonephrosBMes
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CHAPTER11The Adrenal GlandsChristin
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CHAPTER12The RetroperitoneumRaymond
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CHAPTER13Dynamic Ultrasound of Hern
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CHAPTER14The PeritoneumAnthony E. H
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CHAPTER15The UterusDouglas Brown an
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CHAPTER16The AdnexaRochelle Filker
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692 PART III Small Parts, Carotid A
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CHAPTER20The Parathyroid GlandsBonn
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*** *FIG. 21.8 Terminal Ductolobula
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CHAPTER22The ScrotumDaniel Sommers
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CHAPTER23Overview of Musculoskeleta
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CHAPTER25Musculoskeletal Interventi
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ABCDFIG. 25.15 Biceps Tendon Sheath
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CHAPTER27Peripheral VesselsMark E.
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ABFIG. 27.29 Chronic Deep Venous Th
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1000 PART III Small Parts, Carotid
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e2APPENDIXUltrasound Artifacts: A V
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FIG. A.18 Comet-Tail Artifact. On c
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e12APPENDIXUltrasound Artifacts: A
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I-2 IndexAcetabulumdescription of,
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I-4 IndexAnemiafetal, hydrops from,
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I-6 IndexAttenuationcoeicient, 36of
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I-8 IndexBlood low. See also Cerebr
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I-10 IndexBreast(s) (Continued)thic
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I-12 IndexCat-scratch disease, pedi
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I-14 IndexChorion laeve, 1465-1466C
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I-16 IndexContrast agents (Continue
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I-18 IndexCyst(s) (Continued) Cyst(
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I-20 IndexDoppler ultrasound (Conti
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I-22 IndexEndocardial cushion(s), 1
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I-24 IndexFibroma(s) (Continued)par
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I-26 IndexGerminal epithelium, 565G
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I-28 IndexHematoma(s) (Continued)pe
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I-30 IndexHoloprosencephaly (HPE) (
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I-32 IndexImplants, breast (Continu
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I-34 IndexJaundice (Continued)bile
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I-36 IndexLipomyelocele, closed spi
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I-38 IndexMammary ductsnormal sonog
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I-40 IndexMolar pregnancy. See Hyda
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I-42 IndexNonrhizomelic chondrodysp
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I-44 IndexPancreas (Continued)percu
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I-46 IndexPeritoneum (Continued)tum
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I-48 IndexPosterior fossa (Continue
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I-50 IndexPyloric musclehypertrophy
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I-52 IndexSample volume size, Doppl
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I-54 IndexSpectral broadening, in D
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I-56 IndexSuperoanteromedial ridge,
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I-58 Indexhrombosis (Continued)of s
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I-60 IndexTrisomy 18 (Edwards syndr
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I-62 IndexUrinary tract, pediatric
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I-64 IndexWalker-Warburg syndromeco
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DIAGNOSTICULTRASOUND
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DIAGNOSTICULTRASOUND5TH EDITIONCARO
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ABOUT THE EDITORSCarol M. Rumack, M
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ContributorsviiCONTRIBUTORSJacques
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ContributorsixPeter M. Doubilet, MD
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ContributorsxiAna P. Lourenco, MDAs
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ContributorsxiiiWendy hurston, MDAs
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In memory of my parents, Drs. Ruth
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PrefacexviiPREFACEhe ith edition of
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AcknowledgmentsxixACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe
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ContentsxxiCONTENTSVOLUME IPART I P
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Video ContentsxxiiiVIDEO CONTENTS4
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Video Contentsxxv19 The Thyroid Gla
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Video Contentsxxvii33 The Fetal Fac
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Video Contentsxxix52 The Pediatric
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DIAGNOSTICULTRASOUND
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PART FOUR: Obstetric and Fetal Sono
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CHAPTER 28 Overview of Obstetric Im
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ABCDFIG. 28.9 Second-Trimester Biom
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CHAPTER 29 Bioeffects and Safety of
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CHAPTER 30 The First Trimester 1049
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CHAPTER 31 Chromosomal Abnormalitie
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ABCDFIG. 31.12 Sonographic Findings
Page 1279 and 1280:
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CHAPTER32Multifetal PregnancyMary C
Page 1289 and 1290:
CHAPTER 32 Multifetal Pregnancy 111
Page 1291 and 1292:
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ABFIG. 32.5 Sonographic Findings Se
Page 1295 and 1296:
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Page 1299 and 1300:
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CHAPTER33The Fetal Face and NeckAna
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CHAPTER 33 The Fetal Face and Neck
Page 1309 and 1310:
Page 1311 and 1312:
Page 1313 and 1314:
Page 1315 and 1316:
Page 1317 and 1318:
ABCDFIG. 33.13 Hypertelorism With E
Page 1319 and 1320:
ABCDFIG. 33.16 Dacryocystocele. (A)
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Page 1325 and 1326:
Page 1327 and 1328:
ABCDEFFIG. 33.24 Unilateral Complet
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Page 1337 and 1338:
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1167impo
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1169cmAB
Page 1343 and 1344:
CingulatePOCalcarineAB21 wkCD25 wkI
Page 1345 and 1346:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1173FIG.
Page 1347 and 1348:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1175LTAR
Page 1349 and 1350:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1177CC12
Page 1351 and 1352:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1179SPEC
Page 1353 and 1354:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1181ABCD
Page 1355 and 1356:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1183asym
Page 1357 and 1358:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1185FIG.
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1187Cere
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1189loba
Page 1363 and 1364:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1191ABCF
Page 1365 and 1366:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1193ABCF
Page 1367 and 1368:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1195spor
Page 1369 and 1370:
ABCCCDEFFIG. 34.24 Type 2 Lissencep
Page 1371 and 1372:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1199ABFI
Page 1373 and 1374:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 120120 w
Page 1375 and 1376:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1203Ultr
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1205ABCD
Page 1379 and 1380:
VSSABHHPHCDEFFIG. 34.35 Intracrania
Page 1381 and 1382:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1209VABC
Page 1383 and 1384:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1211Huma
Page 1385 and 1386:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1213121.
Page 1387 and 1388:
CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1215221.
Page 1389 and 1390:
CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1217ABCF
Page 1391 and 1392:
CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1219L1S3
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1221FTFT
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1223FIG.
Page 1397 and 1398:
CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1225TABL
Page 1399 and 1400:
CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1227Feta
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1229MMAB
Page 1403 and 1404:
ABCDEFFIG. 35.15 Skin-Covered Myelo
Page 1405 and 1406:
CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1233diic
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1235CCSC
Page 1409 and 1410:
CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1237chon
Page 1411 and 1412:
CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1239BSCT
Page 1413 and 1414:
CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 124162.
Page 1415 and 1416:
CHAPTER36The Fetal ChestDorothy Bul
Page 1417 and 1418:
CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1245seco
Page 1419 and 1420:
CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1247TABL
Page 1421 and 1422:
CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1249Left
Page 1423 and 1424:
CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 12511ABC
Page 1425 and 1426:
CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1253ABCF
Page 1427 and 1428:
CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1255cent
Page 1429 and 1430:
CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1257Left
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1259ABCD
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1261RTLT
Page 1435 and 1436:
CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1263ARig
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 12659. B
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1267107.
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1269204.
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1271TABL
Page 1445 and 1446:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1273TABL
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1275Plac
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1277ADop
Page 1451 and 1452:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1279LVRV
Page 1453 and 1454:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1281RARV
Page 1455 and 1456:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1283RARV
Page 1457 and 1458:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1285Norm
Page 1459 and 1460:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1287RVLV
Page 1461 and 1462:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1289RVTA
Page 1463 and 1464:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1291LVRA
Page 1465 and 1466:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1293Aspl
Page 1467 and 1468:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1295PLVL
Page 1469 and 1470:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1297HR-L
Page 1471 and 1472:
CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 129951.
Page 1473 and 1474:
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CHAPTER 38 The Fetal Gastrointestin
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UrogenitalsinusMesonephrosMesonephr
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CHAPTER 39 The Fetal Urogenital Tra
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CHAPTER 40 The Fetal Musculoskeleta
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1413ABFIG.
Page 1587 and 1588:
ABCDFIG. 41.2 Ascites. (A) Fluid ou
Page 1589 and 1590:
CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1417A B CD
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1423later
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1427CHABCH
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1429Monoch
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1431feedin
Page 1605 and 1606:
CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1433TABLE
Page 1607 and 1608:
CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1435sampli
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1437Predel
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 143973. Ma
Page 1613 and 1614:
CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1441169. I
Page 1615 and 1616:
CHAPTER42Fetal Measurements: Normal
Page 1617 and 1618:
CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1445F
Page 1619 and 1620:
CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1447T
Page 1621 and 1622:
Page 1623 and 1624:
CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1451p
Page 1625 and 1626:
CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1453d
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1455A
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1459A
Page 1633 and 1634:
CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 14618
Page 1635 and 1636:
CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 14631
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CHAPTER43Sonographic Evaluation oft
Page 1639 and 1640:
CHAPTER 43 Sonographic Evaluation o
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CHAPTER44Cervical Ultrasound and Pr
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CHAPTER 44 Cervical Ultrasound and
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Page 1677 and 1678:
Page 1679 and 1680:
Page 1681 and 1682:
Page 1683 and 1684:
PART FIVE: Pediatric SonographyCHAP
Page 1685 and 1686:
CHAPTER 45 Neonatal and Infant Brai
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Page 1729 and 1730:
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Page 1733 and 1734:
Page 1735 and 1736:
Page 1737 and 1738:
Page 1739 and 1740: CHAPTER 45 Neonatal and Infant Brai
Page 1745 and 1746: CHAPTER46Duplex Sonography of the N
Page 1747 and 1748: CHAPTER 46 Duplex Sonography of the
Page 1763 and 1764: CHAPTER47Doppler Sonography of the
Page 1765 and 1766: CHAPTER 47 Doppler Sonography of th
Page 1789: CHAPTER 47 Doppler Sonography of th
Page 1801 and 1802: CHAPTER 48 The Pediatric Head and N
Page 1841 and 1842:
CHAPTER 48 The Pediatric Head and N
Page 1843 and 1844:
CHAPTER 48 The Pediatric Head and N
Page 1845 and 1846:
CHAPTER 49 The Pediatric Spinal Can
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Page 1851 and 1852:
Page 1853 and 1854:
Page 1855 and 1856:
Page 1857 and 1858:
Page 1859 and 1860:
Page 1861 and 1862:
Page 1863 and 1864:
Page 1865 and 1866:
RA B CDEFGFIG. 49.27 Neuroblastoma
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Page 1869 and 1870:
Page 1871 and 1872:
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CHAPTER50The Pediatric ChestChetan
Page 1875 and 1876:
CHAPTER 50 The Pediatric Chest 1703
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Page 1879 and 1880:
Page 1881 and 1882:
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Page 1885 and 1886:
Page 1887 and 1888:
Page 1889 and 1890:
Page 1891 and 1892:
Page 1893 and 1894:
Page 1895 and 1896:
Page 1897 and 1898:
Page 1899 and 1900:
Page 1901 and 1902:
Page 1903 and 1904:
CHAPTER 51 The Pediatric Liver and
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Page 1907 and 1908:
Page 1909 and 1910:
Page 1911 and 1912:
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Page 1915 and 1916:
Page 1917 and 1918:
Page 1919 and 1920:
Page 1921 and 1922:
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Page 1927 and 1928:
Page 1929 and 1930:
Page 1931 and 1932:
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Page 1935 and 1936:
Page 1937 and 1938:
Page 1939 and 1940:
Page 1941 and 1942:
Page 1943 and 1944:
ABCFIG. 51.39 Hepatosplenomegaly. W
Page 1945 and 1946:
Page 1947 and 1948:
CHAPTER52The Pediatric Urinary Trac
Page 1949 and 1950:
CHAPTER 52 The Pediatric Urinary Tr
Page 1951 and 1952:
TABLE 52.4 Mean Total Renal Volumes
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Page 1957 and 1958:
Page 1959 and 1960:
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Page 1969 and 1970:
Page 1971 and 1972:
Page 1973 and 1974:
Page 1975 and 1976:
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Page 1979 and 1980:
Page 1981 and 1982:
Page 1983 and 1984:
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Page 1989 and 1990:
Page 1991 and 1992:
Page 1993 and 1994:
Page 1995 and 1996:
Page 1997 and 1998:
Page 1999 and 2000:
Page 2001 and 2002:
Page 2003 and 2004:
Page 2005 and 2006:
CHAPTER53The Pediatric Gastrointest
Page 2007 and 2008:
CHAPTER 53 The Pediatric Gastrointe
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Page 2013 and 2014:
Page 2015 and 2016:
Page 2017 and 2018:
Page 2019 and 2020:
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Page 2037 and 2038:
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Page 2041 and 2042:
Page 2043 and 2044:
CHAPTER 54 Pediatric Pelvic Sonogra
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Page 2091 and 2092:
Page 2093 and 2094:
CHAPTER 55 The Pediatric Hip and Ot
Page 2095 and 2096:
Page 2097 and 2098:
Page 2099 and 2100:
Page 2101 and 2102:
Page 2103 and 2104:
Page 2105 and 2106:
Page 2107 and 2108:
Page 2109 and 2110:
ABCDFIG. 55.13 Normal and Dislocate
Page 2111 and 2112:
Page 2113 and 2114:
Page 2115 and 2116:
CHAPTER 56 Pediatric Interventional
Page 2117 and 2118:
Page 2119 and 2120:
Page 2121 and 2122:
Page 2123 and 2124:
Page 2125 and 2126:
Page 2127 and 2128:
Page 2129 and 2130:
Page 2131 and 2132:
ABCFIG. 56.15 Access for Drainage o
Page 2133 and 2134:
Page 2135 and 2136:
Page 2137 and 2138:
Page 2139 and 2140:
Page 2141 and 2142:
APPENDIXUltrasound Artifacts: A Vir
Page 2143 and 2144:
APPENDIX Ultrasound Artifacts: A Vi
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Page 2147 and 2148:
Page 2149 and 2150:
Page 2151 and 2152:
Page 2153 and 2154:
Page 2155 and 2156:
Page 2157 and 2158:
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Page 2161 and 2162:
Page 2163 and 2164:
Page 2165 and 2166:
Page 2167 and 2168:
Page 2169 and 2170:
Page 2171 and 2172:
Page 2173 and 2174:
Page 2175 and 2176:
Page 2177 and 2178:
Page 2179 and 2180:
IndexAAA anastomoses. See Arterial/
Page 2181 and 2182:
Index I-3Adnexa (Continued)transvag
Page 2183 and 2184:
Index I-5Arrays, transducer, 11-12A
Page 2185 and 2186:
Index I-7Bioefects (Continued) Biop
Page 2187 and 2188:
Index I-9Brain, neonatal/infant (Co
Page 2189 and 2190:
Index I-11Carcinoma(s) (Continued)
Page 2191 and 2192:
Index I-13Cervix (Continued)for sym
Page 2193 and 2194:
Index I-15Color Doppler ultrasound
Page 2195 and 2196:
Index I-17Cystic artery, 194promine
Page 2197 and 2198:
Index I-19Diabetes mellituschronic
Page 2199 and 2200:
Index I-21Echinococcal disease (Con
Page 2201 and 2202:
Index I-23Exudate ascites, 506-507E
Page 2203 and 2204:
Index I-25Gallbladder (Continued)ad
Page 2205 and 2206:
Index I-27Gyriabnormalities of, in
Page 2207 and 2208:
Index I-29Hernia(s). See also Diaph
Page 2209 and 2210:
Index I-31Hyperechoic tissue, in br
Page 2211 and 2212:
Index I-33Internal jugular vein (IJ
Page 2213 and 2214:
Index I-35Kidneys, pediatric (Conti
Page 2215 and 2216:
Index I-37Liver transplantation (Co
Page 2217 and 2218:
Index I-39Mesentery, small bowel, 5
Page 2219 and 2220:
Index I-41Nasal bone, fetal (Contin
Page 2221 and 2222:
Index I-43Orbits, fetal (Continued)
Page 2223 and 2224:
Index I-45Patau syndrome. See Triso
Page 2225 and 2226:
Index I-47Pleural efusionsfetal, 12
Page 2227 and 2228:
Index I-49Prostate (Continued)thera
Page 2229 and 2230:
Index I-51Renal transplantation (Co
Page 2231 and 2232:
Index I-53Shunt(s) (Continued) Skel
Page 2233 and 2234:
Index I-55Splenic vein (Continued)t
Page 2235 and 2236:
Index I-57Testis(es) (Continued)cys
Page 2237 and 2238:
Index I-59Transcranial Doppler (TCD
Page 2239 and 2240:
Index I-61Umbilical cord, 1481-1487
Page 2241 and 2242:
Index I-63Vein of Galen (Continued)
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Page 2249:
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