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CHAPTER 43 Sonographic Evaluation of the Placenta 1493

128. Arlicot C, Herve P, Simon E, Perrotin F. hree-dimensional surface rendering

of the chorionic placental plate: the “tire” sign for the diagnosis of a circumvallate

placenta. J Ultrasound Med. 2012;31(2):340-341.

129. Shen O, Golomb E, Lavie O, et al. Placental shelf—a common, typically

transient and benign inding on early second-trimester sonography.

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130. Suzuki S. Clinical signiicance of pregnancies with circumvallate placenta.

J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008;34(1):51-54.

131. Ghezzi F, Raio L, Di Naro E, et al. First-trimester sonographic umbilical

cord diameter and the growth of the human embryo. Ultrasound Obstet

Gynecol. 2001;18(4):348-351.

132. Ghezzi F, Raio L, Di Naro E, et al. First-trimester umbilical cord diameter:

a novel marker of fetal aneuploidy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.

2002;19(3):235-239.

133. Rembouskos G, Cicero S, Papadopoulos V, et al. Umbilical cord diameter

at 11-14 weeks of gestation: relation to chromosomal defects. Ultrasound

Obstet Gynecol. 2004;23(3):237-239.

134. Ghezzi F, Raio L, Di Naro E, et al. Nomogram of Wharton’s jelly as depicted

in the sonographic cross section of the umbilical cord. Ultrasound Obstet

Gynecol. 2001;18(2):121-125.

135. Togni FA, Araujo Junior E, Vasques FA, et al. he cross-sectional area of

umbilical cord components in normal pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet.

2007;96(3):156-161.

136. Predanic M, Perni SC, Chasen S, Chervenak FA. Fetal aneuploidy and

umbilical cord thickness measured between 14 and 23 weeks’ gestational

age. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23(9):1177-1183.

137. Cromi A, Ghezzi F, Di Naro E, et al. Large cross-sectional area of the umbilical

cord as a predictor of fetal macrosomia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.

2007;30(6):861-866.

138. Barbieri C, Cecatti JG, Krupa F, et al. Validation study of the capacity of

the reference curves of ultrasonographic measurements of the umbilical

cord to identify deviations in estimated fetal weight. Acta Obstet Gynecol

Scand. 2008;87(3):286-291.

139. Degani S, Lewinsky RM, Berger H, Spiegel D. Sonographic estimation of

umbilical coiling index and correlation with Doppler low characteristics.

Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86(6):990-993.

140. Predanic M, Perni SC. Absence of a relationship between umbilical cord

thickness and coiling patterns. J Ultrasound Med. 2005;24(11):1491-1496.

141. Qin Y, Lau TK, Rogers MS. Second-trimester ultrasonographic assessment

of the umbilical coiling index. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20(5):

458-463.

142. Lacro RV, Jones KL, Benirschke K. he umbilical cord twist: origin, direction,

and relevance. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;157(4 Pt 1):833-838.

143. Otsubo Y, Yoneyama Y, Suzuki S, et al. Sonographic evaluation of umbilical

cord insertion with umbilical coiling index. J Clin Ultrasound.

1999;27(6):341-344.

144. Strong Jr TH, Elliott JP, Radin TG. Non-coiled umbilical blood vessels: a

new marker for the fetus at risk. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81(3):409-411.

145. de Laat MW, van Alderen ED, Franx A, et al. he umbilical coiling index

in complicated pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.

2007;130(1):66-72.

146. Maher JT, Conti JA. A comparison of umbilical cord blood gas values

between newborns with and without true knots. Obstet Gynecol.

1996;88(5):863-866.

147. Ramon YCCL, Martinez RO. Prenatal diagnosis of true knot of the umbilical

cord. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;23(1):99-100.

148. Ramon y Cajal CL, Martinez RO. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of a

true knot of the umbilical cord. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(4):

896-898.

149. Hasbun J, Alcalde JL, Sepulveda W. hree-dimensional power Doppler

sonography in the prenatal diagnosis of a true knot of the umbilical cord:

value and limitations. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26(9):1215-1220.

150. Stempel LE. Beyond the pretty pictures: giving obstetricians just enough

(umbilical) cord to hang themselves. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(4):

888-890.

151. Kiran H, Kiran G, Kanber Y. Pseudocyst of the umbilical cord with mucoid

degeneration of Wharton’s jelly. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.

2003;111(1):91-93.

152. Shipp TD, Bromley B, Benacerraf BR. Sonographically detected abnormalities

of the umbilical cord. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1995;48(2):179-185.

153. Weissman A, Drugan A. Sonographic indings of the umbilical cord:

implications for the risk of fetal chromosomal anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet

Gynecol. 2001;17(6):536-541.

154. Skibo LK, Lyons EA, Levi CS. First-trimester umbilical cord cysts. Radiology.

1992;182(3):719-722.

155. Ghezzi F, Raio L, Di Naro E, et al. Single and multiple umbilical cord cysts

in early gestation: two diferent entities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.

2003;21(3):215-219.

156. Tong SY, Lee JE, Kim SR, Lee SK. Umbilical cord cyst: a prenatal clue to

bladder exstrophy. Prenat Diagn. 2007;27(12):1177-1179.

157. Schiesser M, Lapaire O, Holzgreve W, Tercanli S. Umbilical cord edema

associated with patent urachus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22(6):

646-647.

158. Emura T, Kanamori Y, Ito M, et al. Omphalocele associated with a large

multilobular umbilical cord pseudocyst. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004;20(8):

636-639.

159. Sepulveda W. Beware of the umbilical cord ‘cyst. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.

2003;21(3):213-214.

160. Berg C, Geipel A, Germer U, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of umbilical cord

aneurysm in a fetus with trisomy 18. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.

2001;17(1):79-81.

161. Sepulveda W, Corral E, Kottmann C, et al. Umbilical artery aneurysm:

prenatal identiication in three fetuses with trisomy 18. Ultrasound Obstet

Gynecol. 2003;21(3):292-296.

162. Shen O, Reinus C, Baranov A, Rabinowitz RR. Prenatal diagnosis of umbilical

artery aneurysm: a potentially lethal anomaly. J Ultrasound Med.

2007;26(2):251-253.

163. Daniel-Spiegel E, Weiner E, Gimburg G, Shalev E. he association of umbilical

cord hemangioma with fetal vascular birthmarks. Prenat Diagn.

2005;25(4):300-303.

164. Iyoob SD, Tsai A, Ruchelli ED, et al. Large umbilical cord hemangioma:

sonographic features with surgical pathologic correlation. J Ultrasound

Med. 2006;25(11):1495-1498.

165. Moshiri M, Zaidi SF, Robinson TJ, et al. Comprehensive imaging review of

abnormalities of the umbilical cord. Radiographics. 2014;34(1):179-196.

166. Kent EM, Breathnach FM, Gillan JE, et al. Placental cord insertion and

birthweight discordance in twin pregnancies: results of the national prospective

esprit study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(4):376.e1-376.e7.

167. Sepulveda W, Rojas I, Robert JA, et al. Prenatal detection of velamentous

insertion of the umbilical cord: a prospective color Doppler ultrasound

study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21(6):564-569.

168. Monteagudo A, Sfakianaki AK, Timor-Tritsch IE. Velamentous insertion

of the cord in the irst trimester. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;16(5):

498-499.

169. Sepulveda W. Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord: a irst-trimester

sonographic screening study. J Ultrasound Med. 2006;25(8):963-968.

170. Hasegawa J, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, et al. Velamentous cord insertion and

atypical variable decelerations with no accelerations. Int J Gynaecol Obstet.

2005;90(1):26-30.

171. Esakof TF, Cheng YW, Snowden JM, et al. Velamentous cord insertion: is

it associated with adverse perinatal outcomes? J Matern Fetal Neonatal

Med. 2015;28(4):409-412.

172. Liu CC, Pretorius DH, Scioscia AL, Hull AD. Sonographic prenatal diagnosis

of marginal placental cord insertion: clinical importance. J Ultrasound Med.

2002;21(6):627-632.

173. Kuwata T, Suzuki H, Matsubara S. he ‘mangrove sign’ for velamentous

umbilical cord insertion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;40(2):

241-242.

174. Lamale-Smith LM, Snuttjer MJ, Harper TC. Furcate umbilical cord insertion:

disparate outcomes of a rare obstetrical inding. A case report. J Reprod

Med. 2015;60(7-8):365-368.

175. Ruiter L, Kok N, Limpens J, et al. Incidence of and risk indicators for vasa

praevia: a systematic review. BJOG. 2016;123(8):1278-1287.

176. Rebarber A, Dolin C, Fox NS, et al. Natural history of vasa previa across

gestation using a screening protocol. J Ultrasound Med. 2014;33(1):

141-147.

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