Diagnostic ultrasound ( PDFDrive )

1772 PART V Pediatric Sonography
and splenic infarction can manifest as acute abdominal pain or
a palpable mass.
Acknowledgment
his chapter is an update and revision of the previous excellent
work by Heidi Patriquin, MD, who died in November 2000. Dr.
Patriquin was a pioneer in pediatric ultrasound and particularly
in abdominal visceral Doppler. She developed novel techniques
for evaluating blood low, and described important diferences
in pediatric and adult sonography. I had the pleasure of knowing
her briely and found her enthusiasm for pediatric ultrasound
contagious. I think she would enjoy the advances described and
new images included in the chapter.
REFERENCES
1. Bismuth H. Surgical anatomy and anatomical surgery of the liver. World J
Surg. 1982;6(1):3-9.
2. Couinaud CLF. Etudes anatomiques et chirurgicales. Paris: Masson; 1957.
3. Dodds WJ, Erickson SJ, Taylor AJ, et al. Caudate lobe of the liver: anatomy,
embryology, and pathology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;154(1):87-93.
4. Ikeda S, Sera Y, Yamamoto H, Ogawa M. Efect of phenobarbital on serial
ultrasonic examination in the evaluation of neonatal jaundice. Clin Imaging.
1994;18(2):146-148.
5. Tan Kendrick AP, Phua KB, Ooi BC, et al. Making the diagnosis of biliary
atresia using the triangular cord sign and gallbladder length. Pediatr Radiol.
2000;30(2):69-73.
6. Todani T, Watanabe Y, Narusue M, et al. Congenital bile duct cysts: classiication,
operative procedures, and review of thirty-seven cases including
cancer arising from choledochal cyst. Am J Surg. 1977;134(2):263-269.
7. McHugh K, Daneman A. Multiple gastrointestinal atresias: sonography of
associated biliary abnormalities. Pediatr Radiol. 1991;21(5):355-357.
8. Caroli J, Soupault R, Kossakowski J, et al. Congenital polycystic dilation of
the intrahepatic bile ducts; attempt at classiication. Sem Hop. 1958;34(8/2):
488-495.
9. Levy AD, Rohrmann Jr CA, Murakata LA, Lonergan GJ. Caroli’s disease:
radiologic spectrum with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol.
2002;179(4):1053-1057.
10. Davies CH, Stringer DA, Whyte H, et al. Congenital hepatic ibrosis with
saccular dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts and infantile polycystic kidneys.
Pediatr Radiol. 1986;16(4):302-305.
11. Adeva M, El-Youssef M, Rossetti S, et al. Clinical and molecular characterization
deines a broadened spectrum of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney
disease (ARPKD). Medicine (Baltimore). 2006;85(1):1-21.
12. Pereira EC, Yan J, Asaid M, et al. Conservative management of spontaneous
bile duct perforation in infancy: case report and literature review. J Pediatr
Surg. 2012;47(9):1757-1759.
13. Alagille D, Estrada A, Hadchouel M, et al. Syndromic paucity of interlobular
bile ducts (Alagille syndrome or arteriohepatic dysplasia): review of 80
cases. J Pediatr. 1987;110(2):195-200.
14. Turnpenny PD, Ellard S. Alagille syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis and
management. Eur J Hum Genet. 2012;20(3):251-257.
15. Abramson SJ, Berdon WE, Altman RP, et al. Biliary atresia and noncardiac
polysplenic syndrome: US and surgical considerations. Radiology.
1987;163(2):377-379.
16. Roy CC, Silverman A, Alagille D. Pediatric clinical gastroenterology. 4th
ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1994.
17. Mittal V, Saxena AK, Sodhi KS, et al. Role of abdominal sonography in the
preoperative diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary atresia in infants younger
than 90 days. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(4):W438-W445.
18. Betz BW, Bisset 3rd GS, Johnson ND, et al. MR imaging of biliary cysts in
children with biliary atresia: clinical associations and pathologic correlation.
AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162(1):167-171.
19. Kasai M, Suzuki S. A new operation for ‘non-correctable’ biliary atresia:
hepatic porto-enterostomy. Shuiyutsu. 1959;(13):733-739.
20. Kasai M, Suzuki H, Ohashi E, et al. Technique and results of operative
management of biliary atresia. World J Surg. 1978;2(5):571-579.
21. Bezerra JA, Balistreri WF. Cholestatic syndromes of infancy and childhood.
Semin Gastrointest Dis. 2001;12(2):54-65.
22. Maresca G, De Gaetano AM, Mirk P, et al. Sonographic patterns of the
gallbladder in acute viral hepatitis. J Clin Ultrasound. 1984;12(3):
141-146.
23. Patriquin HB, DiPietro M, Barber FE, Teele RL. Sonography of thickened
gallbladder wall: causes in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983;141(1):
57-60.
24. Dubois J, Garel L, Patriquin H, et al. Imaging features of type 1 hereditary
tyrosinemia: a review of 30 patients. Pediatr Radiol. 1996;26(12):
845-851.
25. Henschke CI, Goldman H, Teele RL. he hyperechogenic liver in children:
cause and sonographic appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;138(5):
841-846.
26. Tchelepi H, Ralls PW, Radin R, Grant E. Sonography of difuse liver disease.
J Ultrasound Med. 2002;21(9):1023-1032.
27. Aubin B, Denys A, Lafortune M, et al. Focal sparing of liver parenchyma
in steatosis: role of the gallbladder and its vessels. J Ultrasound Med.
1995;14(2):77-80.
28. Patriquin HB, Roy CC, Weber AM, Filiatrault D. Liver diseases and portal
hypertension. Clin Diagn Ultrasound. 1989;24:103-127.
29. Lobe TE. Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in children. Semin Pediatr Surg.
2000;9(4):170-176.
30. Keller MS, Markle BM, Lafey PA, et al. Spontaneous resolution of cholelithiasis
in infants. Radiology. 1985;157(2):345-348.
31. Littlewood TR, Chrestman SJ. Ultrasonography of infants and children.
Philadelphia: Saunders; 1991.
32. Brunelle F, Chaumont P. Hepatic tumors in children: ultrasonic diferentiation
of malignant from benign lesions. Radiology. 1984;150(3):695-699.
33. Isaacs Jr H. Fetal and neonatal hepatic tumors. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;
42(11):1797-1803.
34. Gottschling S, Schneider G, Meyer S, et al. Two infants with life-threatening
difuse neonatal hemangiomatosis treated with cyclophosphamide. Pediatr
Blood Cancer. 2006;46(2):239-242.
35. Hsi Dickie B, Fishman SJ, Azizkhan RG. Hepatic vascular tumors. Semin
Pediatr Surg. 2014;23(4):168-172.
36. Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in
infants and children: a classiication based on endothelial characteristics.
Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;69(3):412-422.
37. Dachman AH, Lichtenstein JE, Friedman AC, Hartman DS. Infantile
hemangioendothelioma of the liver: a radiologic-pathologic-clinical correlation.
AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983;140(6):1091-1096.
38. Paltiel HJ, Patriquin HB, Keller MS, et al. Infantile hepatic hemangioma:
Doppler US. Radiology. 1992;182(3):735-742.
39. Ros PR, Goodman ZD, Ishak KG, et al. Mesenchymal hamartoma of
the liver: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiology. 1986;158(3):
619-624.
40. Brunelle F, Tammam S, Odievre M, Chaumont P. Liver adenomas in glycogen
storage disease in children. Ultrasound and angiographic study. Pediatr
Radiol. 1984;14(2):94-101.
41. Cha DI, Lee MW, Kim YK, et al. Assessing patients with hepatocellular
carcinoma meeting the Milan criteria: is liver 3 tesla MR with gadoxetic
acid necessary in addition to liver CT? J Magn Reson Imaging.
2014;39(4):842-852.
42. Koufos A, Hansen MF, Copeland NG, et al. Loss of heterozygosity in three
embryonal tumours suggests a common pathogenetic mechanism. Nature.
1985;316(6026):330-334.
43. Dachman AH, Pakter RL, Ros PR, et al. Hepatoblastoma: radiologicpathologic
correlation in 50 cases. Radiology. 1987;164(1):15-19.
44. Bates SM, Keller MS, Ramos IM, et al. Hepatoblastoma: detection of tumor
vascularity with duplex Doppler US. Radiology. 1990;176(2):505-507.
45. Van Campenhout I, Patriquin H. Malignant microvasculature in abdominal
tumors in children: detection with Doppler US. Radiology. 1992;183(2):
445-448.
46. Boechat MI, Kangarloo H, Ortega J, et al. Primary liver tumors in children:
comparison of CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 1988;169(3):727-732.