Diagnostic ultrasound ( PDFDrive )

CHAPTER 2 Biologic Effects and Safety 51
24. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Statement on
mammalian biological efects of heat. Laurel, MD: AIUM; 2015. Available
from: http://www.aium.org/oicialStatements/17. Updated March 25, 2015.
Cited October 7, 2016.
25. Kimmel CA, Cuf JM, Kimmel GL, et al. Skeletal development following
heat exposure in the rat. Teratology. 1993;47(3):229-242.
26. Church C, Barnett S. Ultrasound-induced heating and its biological consequences.
In: ter Haar G, editor. he safe use of ultrasound in medical
diagnosis. London, England: British Institute of Radiology; 2012. p.
46-68.
27. Jago JR, Henderson J, Whittingham TA, Mitchell G. A comparison of AIUM/
NEMA thermal indices with calculated temperature rises for a simple
third-trimester pregnancy tissue model. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1999;25(4):
623-628.
28. Shaw A, Pay N, Preston R. Assessment of the likely thermal index
values for pulsed Doppler ultrasonic equipment—stages II and III:
experimental assessment of scanner/transducer combinations. National
Physical Laboratory Reports, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom:
1998.
29. International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 60601-2-37. Medical
electrical equipment, Part 2-37: Particular requirements for the basic safety
and essential performance of ultrasonic medical diagnostic and monitoring
equipment. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: IEC; 2007.
30. Roy RA, Atchley AA, Crum LA, et al. A precise technique for the measurement
of acoustic cavitation thresholds and some preliminary results. J Acoust
Soc Am. 1985;78(5):1799-1805.
31. Kwak HY, Panton RL. Tensile strength of simple liquids predicted by a
model of molecular interactions. J Phys D. 1985;18.
32. Harvey EN, Barnes DK, McElroy WD, et al. Bubble formation in animals.
I. Physical factors. J Cell Compar Phys. 1944;24:1-22.
33. Harvey EN, Barnes DK, McElroy WD, et al. Bubble formation in animals.
II. Gas nuclei and their distribution in blood and tissues. J Cell Compar
Phys. 1944;24:23-34.
34. Yount DE. Skins of varying permeability: a stabilization mechanism for gas
cavitation nuclei. J Acoust Soc Am. 1978;65:1429-1439.
35. Holland CK, Roy RA, Apfel RE, Crum LA. In vitro detection of cavitation
induced by a diagnostic ultrasound system. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr
Freq Control. 1992;39(1):95-101.
36. Walton AJ, Reynolds GT. Sonoluminescence. Adv Physics. 1984;33:
595-660.
37. Crum LA, Fowlkes JB. Acoustic cavitation generated by microsecond pulses
of ultrasound. Nature. 1986;319:52-54.
38. Carmichael AJ, Mossoba MM, Riesz P, Christman CL. Free radical
production in aqueous solutions exposed to simulated ultrasonic diagnostic
conditions. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1986;33(2):
148-155.
39. Aymé EJ, Carstensen EL. Occurrence of transient cavitation in pulsed
sawtooth ultrasonic ields. J Acoust Soc Am. 1988;84(5):1598-
1605.
40. Coleman AJ, Saunders JE, Crum LA, et al. Acoustic cavitation generated
by an extracorporeal shockwave lithotripter. Ultrasound Med Biol.
1987;13(2):69-76.
41. Delius M, Brendel W, Heine G. A mechanism of gallstone destruction by
extracorporeal shock waves. Naturwissenschaten. 1988;75(4):200-
201.
42. Williams AR, Delius M, Miller DL, Schwarze W. Investigation of cavitation
in lowing media by lithotripter shock waves both in vitro and in vivo.
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1989;15(1):53-60.
43. Parsons JE, Cain CA, Fowlkes JB. Spatial variability in acoustic backscatter
as an indicator of tissue homogenate production in pulsed cavitational
ultrasound therapy. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control.
2007;54(3):576-590.
44. Xu Z, Hall TL, Fowlkes JB, Cain CA. Efects of acoustic parameters on
bubble cloud dynamics in ultrasound tissue erosion (histotripsy). J Acoust
Soc Am. 2007;122(1):229-236.
45. Khokhlova VA, Fowlkes JB, Roberts WW, et al. Histotripsy methods in
mechanical disintegration of tissue: towards clinical applications. Int J
Hyperthermia. 2015;31(2):145-162.
46. Duck FA, Starritt HC, Aindow JD, et al. he output of pulse-echo ultrasound
equipment: a survey of powers, pressures and intensities. Br J Radiol.
1985;58(694):989-1001.
47. Duck FA, Starritt HC, Anderson SP. A survey of the acoustic output of
ultrasonic Doppler equipment. Clin Phys Physiol Meas. 1987;8(1):39-
49.
48. Patton CA, Harris GR, Phillips RA. Output levels and bioefects indices
from diagnostic ultrasound exposure data reported to the FDA. IEEE Trans
Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1994;41:353-359.
49. Chaussy C, Schmiedt E, Jocham D, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
Basel: Karger; 1986.
50. Church CC, Carstensen EL, Nyborg WL, et al. he risk of exposure to
diagnostic ultrasound in postnatal subjects: nonthermal mechanisms.
J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27(4):565-592.
51. Child SZ, Hartman CL, Schery LA, Carstensen EL. Lung damage from
exposure to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1990;16(8):
817-825.
52. Penney DP, Schenk EA, Maltby K, et al. Morphological efects of pulsed
ultrasound in the lung. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1993;19(2):127-135.
53. Tarantal AF, Canield DR. Ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage in the
monkey. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1994;20(1):65-72.
54. O’Brien Jr WD, Yang Y, Simpson DG, et al. hreshold estimation of
ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage in adult rabbits and comparison of
thresholds in mice, rats, rabbits and pigs. Ultrasound Med Biol.
2006;32(11):1793-1804.
55. Baggs R, Penney DP, Cox C, et al. hresholds for ultrasonically induced
lung hemorrhage in neonatal swine. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1996;22(1):
119-128.
56. Dalecki D, Child SZ, Raeman CH, et al. Ultrasonically induced lung
hemorrhage in young swine. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1997;23(5):777-
781.
57. O’Brien Jr WD, Frizzell LA, Weigel RM, Zachary JF. Ultrasound-induced
lung hemorrhage is not caused by inertial cavitation. J Acoust Soc Am.
2000;108(3 Pt 1):1290-1297.
58. Dalecki D, Raeman CH, Child SZ, Carstensen EL. Intestinal hemorrhage
from exposure to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol.
1995;21(8):1067-1072.
59. Kramer JM, Waldrop TG, Frizzell LA, et al. Cardiopulmonary function in
rats with lung hemorrhage induced by pulsed ultrasound exposure.
J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20(11):1197-1206.
60. Miller DL. Induction of pulmonary hemorrhage in rats during diagnostic
ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2012;38(8):1476-1482.
61. Church CC, O’Brien Jr WD. Evaluation of the threshold for lung hemorrhage
by diagnostic ultrasound and a proposed new safety index. Ultrasound
Med Biol. 2007;33(5):810-818.
62. Miller DL, Averkiou MA, Brayman AA, et al. Bioefects considerations for
diagnostic ultrasound contrast agents. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27(4):
611-632.
63. ter Haar G. Safety and bio-efects of ultrasound contrast agents. Med Biol
Eng Comput. 2009;47(8):893-900.
64. Dalecki D. WFUMB Safety Symposium on Echo-Contrast Agents: bioefects
of ultrasound contrast agents in vivo. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;33(2):
205-213.
65. Skyba DM, Price RJ, Linka AZ, et al. Direct in vivo visualization of intravascular
destruction of microbubbles by ultrasound and its local efects on
tissue. Circulation. 1998;98(4):290-293.
66. Miller DL, Quddus J. Diagnostic ultrasound activation of contrast agent
gas bodies induces capillary rupture in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
2000;97(18):10179-10184.
67. Hwang JH, Brayman AA, Reidy MA, et al. Vascular efects induced by
combined 1-MHz ultrasound and microbubble contrast agent treatments
in vivo. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2005;31(4):553-564.
68. Samuel S, Cooper MA, Bull JL, et al. An ex vivo study of the correlation
between acoustic emission and microvascular damage. Ultrasound Med
Biol. 2009;35(9):1574-1586.
69. Miller DL, Dou C, Wiggins RC, et al. An in vivo rat model simulating
imaging of human kidney by diagnostic ultrasound with gas-body contrast
agent. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;33(1):129-135.