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1774 PART V Pediatric Sonography94. Caron KH, Strife JL, Babcock DS, Ryckman FC. Let-lobe hepatic transplants:spectrum of normal imaging indings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;159(3):497-501.95. Jequier S, Jequier JC, Hanquinet S, et al. Orthotopic liver transplants inchildren: change in hepatic venous Doppler wave pattern as an indicatorof acute rejection. Radiology. 2003;226(1):105-112.96. Calvo-Garcia MA, Campbell KM, O’Hara SM, et al. Acquired renal cystsater pediatric liver transplantation: association with cyclosporine and renaldysfunction. Pediatr Transplant. 2008;12(6):666-671.97. Sudan DL, Iyer KR, Deroover A, et al. A new technique for combined liver/small intestinal transplantation. Transplantation. 2001;72(11):1846-1848.98. Daneman A, Martin DJ. Congenital epithelial splenic cysts in children.Emphasis on sonographic appearances and some unusual features. PediatrRadiol. 1982;12(3):119-125.99. Paterson A, Frush DP, Donnelly LF, et al. A pattern-oriented approach tosplenic imaging in infants and children. Radiographics. 1999;19(6):1465-1485.100. Emery KH, McAneney CM, Racadio JM, et al. Absent peritoneal luid onscreening trauma ultrasonography in children: a prospective comparisonwith computed tomography. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36(4):565-569.101. Filiatrault D, Longpre D, Patriquin H, et al. Investigation of childhoodblunt abdominal trauma: a practical approach using ultrasound as the initialdiagnostic modality. Pediatr Radiol. 1987;17(5):373-379.102. Johnson MA, Cooperberg PL, Boisvert J, et al. Spontaneous splenic rupturein infectious mononucleosis: sonographic diagnosis and follow-up. AJRAm J Roentgenol. 1981;136(1):111-114.
CHAPTER52The Pediatric Urinary Tract andAdrenal GlandsHarriet J. Paltiel and Diane S. BabcockSUMMARY OF KEY POINTS• Ultrasound can reliably characterize renal duplication,fusion, and rotational anomalies.• Ultrasound is useful in evaluating renal, ureteral, andbladder anatomy in patients with suspectedhydronephrosis.• Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (CEVUS) is apromising technique that may eventually replaceconventional voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) inselected cases.• Ultrasound is used to assess renal size and to excludeanatomic abnormalities as the cause of acute kidney injury(AKI).• Ultrasound is the initial imaging study of choice in patientswith suspected urolithiasis, with noncontrast computedtomography reserved for cases in which ultrasound isnondiagnostic.• Intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasound may providevaluable information regarding renal injury in patients withblunt abdominal trauma.• Ultrasound plays a key role in the evaluation of patientswith renal transplants, in both early and later postoperativeperiods.• Renal ultrasound is often helpful in distinguishing amongdifferent types of renal cystic disease.• Ultrasound is employed to distinguish cystic (usuallybenign) from solid (often malignant) renal masses.• Ultrasound is used to differentiate between neonataladrenal hemorrhage and neuroblastoma.CHAPTER OUTLINEPEDIATRIC URINARY TRACTSONOGRAPHYTechniqueNormal Renal AnatomyNormal Bladder AnatomyCONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THEURINARY TRACTRenal DuplicationOther Renal AnomaliesCAUSES OF HYDRONEPHROSISUreteropelvic Junction ObstructionUreteral ObstructionBladder Outlet ObstructionVesicoureteral ReluxPrune-Belly SyndromeMegacystis-Microcolon-Malrotation–Intestinal Hypoperistalsis SyndromeBladder ExstrophyUrachal AnomaliesURINARY TRACT INFECTIONAcute PyelonephritisChronic PyelonephritisNeonatal CandidiasisCystitisMEDICAL RENAL DISEASEAcute Kidney InjuryChronic Kidney DiseaseURINARY TRACT CALCIFICATIONRenal Cortical CalciicationMedullary NephrocalcinosisUrinary StasisRenal Vein Thrombosis CalciicationsDystrophic CalciicationUrolithiasisRENAL TRAUMARENAL VASCULAR DISEASEDoppler Sonographic ExaminationTechniqueNormal Vascular Anatomy and FlowPatternsCauses of Increased Resistance toIntrarenal Arterial FlowClinical ApplicationsVessel PatencyAcute Renal Vein ThrombosisRenal Artery StenosisIntrarenal Arterial DiseaseRENAL TRANSPLANTATIONVascular ComplicationsPerinephric Fluid CollectionsParenchymal AbnormalitiesUrologic ComplicationsTumorsRENAL CYSTIC DISEASEAutosomal Recessive Polycystic KidneyDiseaseAutosomal Dominant Polycystic KidneyDiseaseMulticystic Renal DysplasiaNephronophthisis and Medullary CysticDiseaseCongenital Renal CystsTuberous Sclerosis and Von Hippel–Lindau DiseaseAcquired CystsRENAL TUMORSWilms TumorMesoblastic NephromaRenal Cell CarcinomaAngiomyolipomaMultilocular Cystic NephromaRenal LymphomaBladder TumorsPEDIATRIC ADRENAL SONOGRAPHYNormal AnatomyCongenital Adrenal HyperplasiaNeonatal Adrenal HemorrhageNeuroblastomaPheochromocytomaAdrenocortical Neoplasm1775
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viiiContributorsOlga R. Brook, MDAs
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xContributorsChristy K. Holland, Ph
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xiiContributorsRupa Radhakrishnan,
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xxiiContentsVOLUME IIPART IV Obstet
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xxivVideo ContentsVideo 12.8 Angiog
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xxviVideo ContentsVideo 26.20 High-
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xxviiiVideo Contents42 Fetal Measur
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2 PART I Physicsphysics. he amplitu
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4 PART I Physics× ms×FIG. 1.4 Ult
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6 PART I Physicsθ 1 = 20°Tissue A
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8 PART I Physicssignature. Broad-ba
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10 PART I PhysicsFIG. 1.13 B-Mode I
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12 PART I PhysicsIn these transduce
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14 PART I PhysicsFIG. 1.17 Tissue H
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16 PART I PhysicsKey Points of Ultr
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18 PART I PhysicsA - Normal liverv
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20 PART I PhysicsFIG. 1.27 Reverber
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22 PART I Physics-0 dBUncorrected-0
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24 PART I Physicsθ = 0°cos θ = 1
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26 PART I PhysicsABFIG. 1.38 Color
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28 PART I PhysicsChanges in Doppler
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30 PART I PhysicsABFIG. 1.44 Wall F
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32 PART I PhysicsABCDFIG. 1.46 Alia
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CHAPTER2Biologic Effects and Safety
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36 PART I PhysicsPressurePulse repe
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38 PART I PhysicsUltrasound imaging
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40 PART I Physicsacoustic power and
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42 PART I PhysicsFIG. 2.6 Acoustic
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44 PART I PhysicsThe AIUM Statement
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46 PART I Physics1. Current ultraso
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48 PART I PhysicsEPIDEMIOLOGYWith a
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50 PART I Physicscontrols whether t
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52 PART I Physics70. Hwang JH, Tu J
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54 PART I PhysicsA B 5 μmFIG. 3.1
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56 PART I Physicsstudies with Levov
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58 PART I Physicsabdominal organs.
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60 PART I PhysicsHarmonic B-Mode Im
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62 PART I PhysicsFIG. 3.9 Contrast-
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64 PART I Physicsdramatic manifesta
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66 PART I Physics5 µmFIG. 3.15 Fra
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68 PART I Physicsplatelet lysis), n
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70 PART I PhysicsEnhancement1 2 3 4
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72 PART I Physics46. Hamilton MF, B
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PART TWO: Abdominal and Pelvic Sono
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76 PART II Abdominal and Pelvic Son
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100 PART II Abdominal and Pelvic So
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ABFIG. 5.20 Microabscesses in Two P
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ABFIG. 6.32 Distal Cholangiocarcino
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CHAPTER7The PancreasThomas Winter a
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CHAPTER8The Gastrointestinal TractS
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ABFIG. 8.16 Lymphadenopathy in Two
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A B CD E FG H IFIG. 8.23 Inlammator
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FIG. 8.56 Gastrointestinal Stromal
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CHAPTER9The Kidney and Urinary Trac
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Remnant ofpronephrosMesonephrosBMes
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CHAPTER11The Adrenal GlandsChristin
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CHAPTER12The RetroperitoneumRaymond
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CHAPTER13Dynamic Ultrasound of Hern
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CHAPTER14The PeritoneumAnthony E. H
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CHAPTER15The UterusDouglas Brown an
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CHAPTER16The AdnexaRochelle Filker
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692 PART III Small Parts, Carotid A
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CHAPTER20The Parathyroid GlandsBonn
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*** *FIG. 21.8 Terminal Ductolobula
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CHAPTER22The ScrotumDaniel Sommers
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CHAPTER23Overview of Musculoskeleta
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CHAPTER25Musculoskeletal Interventi
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ABCDFIG. 25.15 Biceps Tendon Sheath
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CHAPTER27Peripheral VesselsMark E.
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ABFIG. 27.29 Chronic Deep Venous Th
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1000 PART III Small Parts, Carotid
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e2APPENDIXUltrasound Artifacts: A V
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FIG. A.18 Comet-Tail Artifact. On c
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e12APPENDIXUltrasound Artifacts: A
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I-2 IndexAcetabulumdescription of,
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I-4 IndexAnemiafetal, hydrops from,
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I-6 IndexAttenuationcoeicient, 36of
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I-8 IndexBlood low. See also Cerebr
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I-10 IndexBreast(s) (Continued)thic
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I-12 IndexCat-scratch disease, pedi
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I-14 IndexChorion laeve, 1465-1466C
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I-16 IndexContrast agents (Continue
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I-18 IndexCyst(s) (Continued) Cyst(
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I-20 IndexDoppler ultrasound (Conti
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I-22 IndexEndocardial cushion(s), 1
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I-24 IndexFibroma(s) (Continued)par
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I-26 IndexGerminal epithelium, 565G
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I-28 IndexHematoma(s) (Continued)pe
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I-30 IndexHoloprosencephaly (HPE) (
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I-32 IndexImplants, breast (Continu
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I-34 IndexJaundice (Continued)bile
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I-36 IndexLipomyelocele, closed spi
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I-38 IndexMammary ductsnormal sonog
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I-40 IndexMolar pregnancy. See Hyda
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I-42 IndexNonrhizomelic chondrodysp
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I-44 IndexPancreas (Continued)percu
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I-46 IndexPeritoneum (Continued)tum
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I-48 IndexPosterior fossa (Continue
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I-50 IndexPyloric musclehypertrophy
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I-52 IndexSample volume size, Doppl
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I-54 IndexSpectral broadening, in D
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I-56 IndexSuperoanteromedial ridge,
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I-58 Indexhrombosis (Continued)of s
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I-60 IndexTrisomy 18 (Edwards syndr
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I-62 IndexUrinary tract, pediatric
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I-64 IndexWalker-Warburg syndromeco
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DIAGNOSTICULTRASOUND
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DIAGNOSTICULTRASOUND5TH EDITIONCARO
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ABOUT THE EDITORSCarol M. Rumack, M
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ContributorsviiCONTRIBUTORSJacques
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ContributorsixPeter M. Doubilet, MD
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ContributorsxiAna P. Lourenco, MDAs
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ContributorsxiiiWendy hurston, MDAs
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In memory of my parents, Drs. Ruth
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PrefacexviiPREFACEhe ith edition of
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AcknowledgmentsxixACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe
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ContentsxxiCONTENTSVOLUME IPART I P
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Video ContentsxxiiiVIDEO CONTENTS4
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Video Contentsxxv19 The Thyroid Gla
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Video Contentsxxvii33 The Fetal Fac
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Video Contentsxxix52 The Pediatric
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DIAGNOSTICULTRASOUND
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PART FOUR: Obstetric and Fetal Sono
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CHAPTER 28 Overview of Obstetric Im
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ABCDFIG. 28.9 Second-Trimester Biom
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CHAPTER 29 Bioeffects and Safety of
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CHAPTER 30 The First Trimester 1049
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CHAPTER 31 Chromosomal Abnormalitie
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ABCDFIG. 31.12 Sonographic Findings
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CHAPTER32Multifetal PregnancyMary C
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CHAPTER 32 Multifetal Pregnancy 111
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ABFIG. 32.5 Sonographic Findings Se
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CHAPTER33The Fetal Face and NeckAna
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CHAPTER 33 The Fetal Face and Neck
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ABCDFIG. 33.13 Hypertelorism With E
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ABCDFIG. 33.16 Dacryocystocele. (A)
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ABCDEFFIG. 33.24 Unilateral Complet
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1167impo
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1169cmAB
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CingulatePOCalcarineAB21 wkCD25 wkI
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1173FIG.
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1175LTAR
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1177CC12
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1179SPEC
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1181ABCD
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1183asym
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1185FIG.
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1187Cere
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1189loba
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1191ABCF
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1193ABCF
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1195spor
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ABCCCDEFFIG. 34.24 Type 2 Lissencep
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1199ABFI
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 120120 w
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1203Ultr
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1205ABCD
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VSSABHHPHCDEFFIG. 34.35 Intracrania
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1209VABC
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1211Huma
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1213121.
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CHAPTER 34 The Fetal Brain 1215221.
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1217ABCF
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1219L1S3
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1221FTFT
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1223FIG.
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1225TABL
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1227Feta
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1229MMAB
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ABCDEFFIG. 35.15 Skin-Covered Myelo
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1233diic
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1235CCSC
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1237chon
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 1239BSCT
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CHAPTER 35 The Fetal Spine 124162.
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CHAPTER36The Fetal ChestDorothy Bul
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1245seco
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1247TABL
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1249Left
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 12511ABC
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1253ABCF
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1255cent
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1257Left
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1259ABCD
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1261RTLT
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1263ARig
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 12659. B
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1267107.
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CHAPTER 36 The Fetal Chest 1269204.
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1271TABL
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1273TABL
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1275Plac
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1277ADop
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1279LVRV
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1281RARV
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1283RARV
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1285Norm
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1287RVLV
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1289RVTA
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1291LVRA
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1293Aspl
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1295PLVL
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 1297HR-L
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CHAPTER 37 The Fetal Heart 129951.
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CHAPTER 38 The Fetal Gastrointestin
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UrogenitalsinusMesonephrosMesonephr
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CHAPTER 39 The Fetal Urogenital Tra
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CHAPTER 40 The Fetal Musculoskeleta
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1413ABFIG.
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ABCDFIG. 41.2 Ascites. (A) Fluid ou
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1417A B CD
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1423later
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1427CHABCH
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1429Monoch
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1431feedin
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1433TABLE
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1435sampli
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1437Predel
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 143973. Ma
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CHAPTER 41 Fetal Hydrops 1441169. I
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CHAPTER42Fetal Measurements: Normal
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1445F
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1447T
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1451p
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1453d
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1455A
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 1459A
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 14618
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CHAPTER 42 Fetal Measurements 14631
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CHAPTER43Sonographic Evaluation oft
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CHAPTER 43 Sonographic Evaluation o
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CHAPTER44Cervical Ultrasound and Pr
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CHAPTER 44 Cervical Ultrasound and
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PART FIVE: Pediatric SonographyCHAP
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CHAPTER 45 Neonatal and Infant Brai
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CHAPTER46Duplex Sonography of the N
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CHAPTER 46 Duplex Sonography of the
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CHAPTER47Doppler Sonography of the
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CHAPTER 47 Doppler Sonography of th
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CHAPTER 48 The Pediatric Head and N
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CHAPTER 49 The Pediatric Spinal Can
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RA B CDEFGFIG. 49.27 Neuroblastoma
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CHAPTER50The Pediatric ChestChetan
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CHAPTER 50 The Pediatric Chest 1703
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Page 1895 and 1896: CHAPTER 50 The Pediatric Chest 1723
Page 1903 and 1904: CHAPTER 51 The Pediatric Liver and
Page 1943 and 1944: ABCFIG. 51.39 Hepatosplenomegaly. W
Page 1945: CHAPTER 51 The Pediatric Liver and
Page 1949 and 1950: CHAPTER 52 The Pediatric Urinary Tr
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CHAPTER 52 The Pediatric Urinary Tr
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CHAPTER53The Pediatric Gastrointest
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CHAPTER 53 The Pediatric Gastrointe
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CHAPTER 54 Pediatric Pelvic Sonogra
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CHAPTER 55 The Pediatric Hip and Ot
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ABCDFIG. 55.13 Normal and Dislocate
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CHAPTER 56 Pediatric Interventional
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ABCFIG. 56.15 Access for Drainage o
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APPENDIXUltrasound Artifacts: A Vir
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APPENDIX Ultrasound Artifacts: A Vi
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IndexAAA anastomoses. See Arterial/
Page 2181 and 2182:
Index I-3Adnexa (Continued)transvag
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Index I-5Arrays, transducer, 11-12A
Page 2185 and 2186:
Index I-7Bioefects (Continued) Biop
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Index I-9Brain, neonatal/infant (Co
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Index I-11Carcinoma(s) (Continued)
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Index I-13Cervix (Continued)for sym
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Index I-15Color Doppler ultrasound
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Index I-17Cystic artery, 194promine
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Index I-19Diabetes mellituschronic
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Index I-21Echinococcal disease (Con
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Index I-23Exudate ascites, 506-507E
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Index I-25Gallbladder (Continued)ad
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Index I-27Gyriabnormalities of, in
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Index I-29Hernia(s). See also Diaph
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Index I-31Hyperechoic tissue, in br
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Index I-33Internal jugular vein (IJ
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Index I-35Kidneys, pediatric (Conti
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Index I-37Liver transplantation (Co
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Index I-39Mesentery, small bowel, 5
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Index I-41Nasal bone, fetal (Contin
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Index I-43Orbits, fetal (Continued)
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Index I-45Patau syndrome. See Triso
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Index I-47Pleural efusionsfetal, 12
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Index I-49Prostate (Continued)thera
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Index I-51Renal transplantation (Co
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Index I-53Shunt(s) (Continued) Skel
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Index I-55Splenic vein (Continued)t
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Index I-57Testis(es) (Continued)cys
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Index I-59Transcranial Doppler (TCD
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Index I-61Umbilical cord, 1481-1487
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Index I-63Vein of Galen (Continued)
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