Les mondes darwiniens

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214 / 1576 [les mon des darwiniens] Figure 1. Sections sagittales de la région nasomaxillaire chez le gibbon Hylobates (A) et le gorille Gorilla (B). ci : canal incisif ; cnp : clivus nasoprémaxillaire ; fi : fosse incisive ; fmi : foramen incisif ; mx : maxillaire ; pmx : prémaxillaire ; vo : vomer. parenté des genres miocènes Sivapithecus et Ramapithecus, sur lesquelles nous reviendrons. Dans un premier temps, observons et comparons simplement cette structure homologue pour deux taxons, le gibbon et le gorille. Il y a des ressemblances mais également des différences. Chez le gibbon, le maxillaire et le prémaxillaire sont éloignés, ne formant pas de véritable canal incisif ce qui conduit à un foramen incisif de grande taille et une fosse incisive très large. Chez le gorille, le maxillaire et le prémaxillaire sont proches d’où la formation d’un canal incisif, la présence d’un foramen incisif de petite taille et d’une fosse incisive large. La description de cette structure porte donc sur 3 caractères que sont les relations maxillaire-prémaxillaire (distance), la fosse incisive (extension, taille) et le foramen incisif (taille). Chaque observation se doit d’être la plus neutre possible : ainsi, nous éviterons une description de la distance maxillaire-prémaxillaire comme étant « rapproché » chez le gorille car ce terme sous-tend une idée de processus, une notion de rapprochement (d’un configuration éloignée vers une configuration plus proche) non liée à l’observation. Le terme proche sera donc préféré lors de la description de l’observation. Les différentes observations peuvent être formalisées dans un tableau à 2 entrées : maxillaire-prémaxillaire foramen incisif fosse incisive gibbon très éloignés grand large gorille proches petit large
215 / 1576 [véron iqu e bar r i e l / caractèr e] La fosse incisive apparaît large pour les deux taxons considérés : ce caractère est donc constant. En ce qui concerne le canal incisif, la présence de cette structure est dépendante des relations entre le maxillaire et le prémaxillaire : ces deux os doivent être suffisamment proches l’un de l’autre pour que le canal soit différencié, observable. Nous aurions pu alors formaliser les observations de la manière suivante : canal incisif foramen incisif fosse incisive gibbon absent grand large gorille présent petit large Deux remarques, sur lesquelles nous reviendrons, sont d’ores et déjà nécessaires : 1) Les caractères conservés dans une analyse phylogénétique ne doivent pas être liés, c’est-à-dire redondants. Dans notre exemple, l’individualisation du canal incisif est subordonnée au fait que le maxillaire et le prémaxillaire soient proches l’un de l’autre. Si les deux caractères sont introduits simultanément dans l’analyse, cela conduit à une pondération artificielle de l’observation due à sa formulation. 2) Beaucoup de discussions, souvent acharnées, ont porté et portent sur le concept de l’absence et le fait que des taxons ne peuvent pas être regroupés par l’absence d’une structure. Dans notre exemple, il est possible de traduire l’observation de l’individualisation du canal incisif (liée aux relations maxillaire-prémaxillaire) par 2 états : présent-absent. Quelle est la signification du terme descriptif « canal incisif absent » chez le gibbon ? Cette formulation est en réalité « trompeuse » et tient plus d’un désir de faire simple, de faire court dans l’expression écrite. Plutôt que d’être absent, le canal est en réalité non présent chez le gibbon, alors qu’il est bien délimité chez le gorille. Certains pourront faire remarquer que cela n’est qu’un problème de sémantique qui finalement n’aura que peu d’impact sur l’analyse proprement dite. Mais à mon avis, les états « absence » et « non présence » ne sont pas équivalents. Et nous verrons plus précisément dans la section consacrée au codage proprement dit, l’importance que nécessite l’étape descriptive des observations. 2 Quels caractères utiliser ? En principe, l’analyse phylogénétique porte sur des caractères intrinsèques (c’est-à-dire les caractères « propres et essentiels » devant obéir à un déterminisme génétique) comme les caractères morphologiques, anatomiques,
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