23.7. 1993 Vitoria-Gasteiz / Spain - World Federation of Music Therapy

Results of this comprehensive, quantitative research
analysis can then utilized to delineate specific
techniques for using music in medical treatments with
such delineation continuously updated through the
addition of ongoing research results. Additionally,
techniques can be organized by the intended function of
the music to accomplish specific therapeutic objectives,
expected results by diagnosis, general procedures for
utilizing the technique effectively, and suggested
documentation of effects through behavioral,
physiological, and self-report measures.
Technique 1. Passive Music Listening (Alone or Paired
with Anesthesia, Analgesia, Suggestion, Relaxation
Techniques or Imagery)
Music Function:
To serve as an audioanalgesic, anxiolytic or sedative.
Therapeutic Objectives:
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• Reduction of pain, anxiety, or stress.
• Enhancement of chemical anesthetic/analgesic to
reduce amount of medication required, duration of use,
and aversive side effects.
• Reduction in length of hospitalization.
Diagnoses:
• Surgery - Music used preoperatively to reduce
anxiety and to reduce amount of anesthesia (Chetta,
1981; Gardner & LIcklider, 1959; Spintge, 1982; Spintge
& Droh, 1982); used during surgery, especially with local
anesthesia, to reduce anxiety and mask operating room
sounds (Kamin, et al., 1982; Stein, 1991; Tanioka, et al.,
1985) ; used postoperatively in the recovery room to
promote wakefulness and reduce discomfort(Locsin,
1981; Sanderson, 1986); used for first 48 hours
following surgery to reduce amount of analgesic and
adverse effects of anesthesia (e.g., vomiting,
headaches, restlessness, etc.(Siegel, 1983; Steinke,