23.7. 1993 Vitoria-Gasteiz / Spain - World Federation of Music Therapy

1991 ).
• Kidney dialysis - Music used to reduce discomfort
and serve as a distraction during this frequent (2 to 3
times/week), long term (months or years), lengthy (4
1/2 to 5 hours) procedure involving pain, nausea, and
restricted movement (Colgrove, 1991; Rider, 1985;
Schuster, 1985).
• Burn - Music used to reduce pain and anxiety in
hydrotherapy, intravenous fluid therapy, skin grafts, etc.
(Barker, 1991; Schieffelin, 1988; Schneider, 1982).
• Cancer - Music used to reduce pain and enhance
analgesic effects of medication or used during
chemotherapy to reduce nausea and vomiting (Curtis,
1986; Frank, 1985; Standley, 1992a).
• Coma - Music used to decrease intracranial
pressure (Roberts, 1986).
• Coronary Care-Music used to lower pulse rate
(Bonny, 1983; Crago, 1980).
646
• Neonates - Music used with premature or sick
infants to promote weight gain, to reduce pain or stress,
and to reduce length of hospitalization (Ammon, 1968;
Caine, 1991; Chapman, 1975; Lininger, 1987; Owens,
1979; Marchette, et al., 1992).
• Immunology - Music listening used to increase
levels of IgA. (Music combined with imagery is
contraindicated at this time, Tsao, et al., 1991),
• Office Treatments - Music used during stressful
office treatments such as dental procedures, abortions
and other painful gynecological procedures,
bronchoscopy, and podiatry treatments to reduce
amount of selfadministered anesthesia and analgesia
(Bob, 1962; Corah, et al., 1981; Gfeller, et al., 1988;
Jacobson, 1957; Metzler & Berman, 1991; Monsey,
1960; Oyama, et al., 1983; Shapiro & Cohen, 1983).
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