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PART III EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES 227
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***** Comments pertaining to this r
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6. Aspects of the Current Russian P
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21. Arms Control after START ......
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this incredible amount of destructi
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hundreds of U.S. weapons (a
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TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND <stron
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Security was an additional problem.
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embraced lessons learned from the 1
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I learned here of some of the deep
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CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT Ri
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as just another kind of military op
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it, the Allies were unlikely to agr
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• Assets for future arms control
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ments are dissimilar. Whereas Europ
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CHAPTER 2 TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS
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ombs in Europe as strategic weapons
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experiences of war, in a less moral
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Strangelovian image for NAT
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II. 1953-1963. U.S. STRATEGIC SUPER
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• For what political purposes mig
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widely heralded move to flexible re
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clear sentiment for the Alliance <s
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Nevertheless, Germany underst<stron
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first in order to break up his forc
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saw Pact lines to interdict strateg
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The Democratic People’s Republic
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given release authority by the Sovi
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III. 1963-1967. EMERGING DOUBTS CON
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esponse: without it, the Allies wer
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ous arms control groups argue that
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Why Did NATO Keep
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France were equipped with nuclear w
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slowly changing deterrence ethos wa
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through widespread protests, openly
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although it decided that the remain
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e concealed by the regular annual <
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However, concerned by the post-Viet
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ously create a public and</
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ers have repeatedly reemphasized th
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judged to generate (but which may n
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5. “The position we have reached
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24. Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructe
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49. Catherine McArdle Kelleher, “
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76. Joseph F. Pilat and</st
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100. Corroborated by Catherine Kell
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CHAPTER 3 U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS POLI
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the North Atlantic Treaty Organizat
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delivery exercised a dominant influ
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conventional strength. 14 In the Pa
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the capability to employ such weapo
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ground-launched short-range nuclear
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curity policy in Asia, and<
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lies. 31 At the strategic a
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mediate postwar period. Washington
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ons throughout the Cold War <strong
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These shifts are the products both
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power and the prol
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7. Robert S. Norris et al., “Wher
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frey A. Larsen and
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near Central Europe and</st
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47. Available from armedservices.ho
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CHAPTER 4 RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVES ON T
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Russian Navy would be particularly
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ers to produce income from Russian
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3. These are the results of polls o
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TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THE FE
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Russia’s anticipated spending of
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arms race was on, and</stro
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heads; and improve
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national security strategy. Current
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On April 23, 1999, Viktor Nikolaevi
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First of all, the word “obligatio
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By 2004, a young scholar, Aleksei F
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time, it seems to believe that, in
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ence as the chief factor that limit
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their modernization as a response.
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in areas affecting Russian national
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armed struggle at sea for the perio
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centric warfare. Citing both Chines
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tation to maintain security <strong
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PROSPECTS FOR A U.S.-RUSSIAN TREATY
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uild a missile defense system in so
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10. “Ktokhitree: Mir vstupil v er
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36. Sergei Karaganov “Global Zero
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CHAPTER 6 ASPECTS OF THE CURRENT RU
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NATO countries. Du
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allistic missile defense (BMD), <st
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Meanwhile, the factor of China (wit
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Today, in fact, only the nuclear um
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By the same logic, preventing a pot
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diminishes still further Russian in
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1989 —April 12 SHORT-RANGE NUCLEA
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where Russian interest is higher th
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6. Kozin, “Five obstacles.” 7.
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CHAPTER 7 INFLUENCES ON RUSSIAN POL
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Page 208 and 209: Reducing Non-Strategic Nucl
Page 210 and 211: The Russian inventory has been redu
Page 212 and 213: Under present conditions, the range
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Page 220 and 221: CHAPTER 8 RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVES ON N
Page 222 and 223: Yet these concerns are most likely
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Page 226 and 227: anyone’s guess. As mentioned abov
Page 228 and 229: STRATEGY Russian NSNWs attracted in
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Page 234 and 235: eaching political, military, <stron
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Page 238 and 239: In a similar vein, the Foreign Mini
Page 240 and 241: THE RUSSIAN NSNW POSITION: LIMITS A
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Page 244 and 245: ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 8 1. “Zayavlen
Page 246 and 247: 13. The 12th Main Department of the
Page 250 and 251: CHAPTER 9 INTRODUCTION OF EUROPEAN
Page 252 and 253: it would be more accurate to refer
Page 254: ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 9 1. Susi Snyder
Page 257 and 258: tegic Concept and
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Page 263 and 264: of the aspirations for the DDPR is
Page 265 and 266: United States in consulting with it
Page 267 and 268: The United Kingdom. The UK’s inde
Page 269 and 270: er reductions but only if Russia un
Page 271 and 272: the familiar dichotomy of whether t
Page 273 and 274: Two other factors will be important
Page 275 and 276: Expectations for the DDPR are modes
Page 278 and 279: CHAPTER 11 EUROPEAN AND GERMAN PERS
Page 280 and 281: “consider steps to ensure the tra
Page 282 and 283: In its 2010 Nuclear</strong
Page 284 and 285: from an estimated 22,000 to some 2,
Page 286 and 287: a buildup of forces in China; <stro
Page 288 and 289: These contributions reflect the deb
Page 290 and 291: nuclear-sharing program. This is vi
Page 292 and 293: leaving a trail of confusion as to
Page 294 and 295: of special concern to Russia <stron
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18. Helmut Schmidt, Richard von Wei
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CHAPTER 12 EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES Pa
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suited to countering the main inter
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ventional alternatives are operatio
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legal issue, it is a political one:
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U.S. commitment to the defense of E
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ceived as subordinate to the more r
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If the wider concerns of those coun
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gram is seen with growing apprehens
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as an essential element of its secu
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and militarily wea
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“not to use or threaten to use nu
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While the populace in most European
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tion approach to a missile defense
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to nuclear threats emerging from th
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What it further highlighted is the
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stance on nuclear weapons use seems
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the potential value of British weap
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argue that there was no serious deb
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level of commitment among N
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Of course, the evolving European po
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 13 1. The author
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CHAPTER 14 AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES ON
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y U.S. nuclear weapons in Europe. L
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CHAPTER 15 THE ROLE OF NON-STRATEGI
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has rested upon their operational v
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ons for their ostensible military v
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In Asia, the United States has long
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3. Maintaining strategic deterrence
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• Continue and,
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pursuing strategic dialogues with i
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open sources, there are currently s
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as a link among the NATO</s
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few more years, but with the ultima
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Government must ensure the continue
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States and the oth
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sure U.S. allies and</stron
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and Steven Pifer e
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and nuclear forces
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42. For representative arguments ab
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CHAPTER 16 NATO’
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contribute approximately 37,000 of
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with NATO (for exa
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time or offensive missions. A top F
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ingly precious funds on behalf of n
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their national interests so dictate
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whether the resources necessary to
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accounts of deployed American weapo
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While many disarmament advocates se
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nership, Russian military doctrine
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ar arsenal due to concerns over oth
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Gates also recognized, however, tha
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The United States Is the Only Major
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cussed above. Indeed, the very conc
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emoving European-based U.S. nuclear
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At the November 2010 Lisbon summit,
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in their roles fulfilling high read
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of the last century; “There [can]
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with a posture that lowers the risk
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5. Thomas Grove, “Analysis: Russi
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available from www.nato.int/cps/en/
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CHAPTER 18 TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS
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several fronts. However, the sheer
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sional context as the important foc
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exaggerated emphasis on security in
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ployed strategic warheads. The INF
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der programs of cooperation, the Be
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on its nuclear warheads in Europe <
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2011, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavro
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General Arms Control Considerations
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inspection regime—which neither s
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Poles remain wary of past suggestio
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negotiate. While some U.S. official
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tage, since the United States has n
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confirm that warheads were not remo
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conventional force cuts. In the Mut
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 19 1. The Russia
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18. See, for example, Pavel Podvig,
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ief overview of current themes of c
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It seems fair to observe that where
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turn out to be inconsistent with mi
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widely understood to rely on CFE de
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Mobility. Are modern forces suffici
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trations of forces led to the origi
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By the same token, an NSNW regime i
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of old arguments about “defense o
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deployment and for
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the previous rationale for deployme
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in its interest for NATO</s
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to develop, however, the form in wh
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atify a treaty that would place leg
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exercises near each other’s terri
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This suggests that, if Russian lead
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here may be as much as can be expec
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they to be combined with commitment
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Europe and East As
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ole in pushing for United Nations (
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CHAPTER 22 THE CONVENTIONAL AND NUC
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sequently ratified by the United St
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ison to the Soviet Union an
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on resolving the long dilemma over
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Treaty Limited Equipment Group Limi
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It was exacerbated by Russian milit
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phasized that the 1997 NATO
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In response, NATO
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“host nation consent” for stati
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participating parties at 29 (absent
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and security-build
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United States and
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a detailed discussion of the state
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30. Committee on International Secu
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CHAPTER 23 SUMMING UP AND ISSUES FO
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States and its all
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ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS JAMES A. BLA
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DORN CRAWFORD, Lieutenant Colonel,
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transatlantic defense and</
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egional security developments relat
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