- Page 1 and 2:
Visit our website for other free pu
- Page 3 and 4:
***** Comments pertaining to this r
- Page 5 and 6:
6. Aspects of the Current Russian P
- Page 7 and 8:
21. Arms Control after START ......
- Page 9 and 10:
this incredible amount of destructi
- Page 11 and 12:
hundreds of U.S. weapons (a
- Page 14 and 15:
TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND <stron
- Page 16 and 17:
Security was an additional problem.
- Page 18 and 19:
embraced lessons learned from the 1
- Page 20:
I learned here of some of the deep
- Page 24 and 25:
CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT Ri
- Page 26 and 27:
as just another kind of military op
- Page 28 and 29:
it, the Allies were unlikely to agr
- Page 30 and 31:
• Assets for future arms control
- Page 32 and 33:
ments are dissimilar. Whereas Europ
- Page 34 and 35:
CHAPTER 2 TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS
- Page 36 and 37:
ombs in Europe as strategic weapons
- Page 38 and 39:
experiences of war, in a less moral
- Page 40 and 41:
Strangelovian image for NAT
- Page 42 and 43:
II. 1953-1963. U.S. STRATEGIC SUPER
- Page 44 and 45:
• For what political purposes mig
- Page 46 and 47:
widely heralded move to flexible re
- Page 48 and 49:
clear sentiment for the Alliance <s
- Page 50 and 51:
Nevertheless, Germany underst<stron
- Page 52 and 53:
first in order to break up his forc
- Page 54 and 55:
saw Pact lines to interdict strateg
- Page 56 and 57:
The Democratic People’s Republic
- Page 58 and 59:
given release authority by the Sovi
- Page 60 and 61:
III. 1963-1967. EMERGING DOUBTS CON
- Page 62 and 63:
esponse: without it, the Allies wer
- Page 64 and 65:
ous arms control groups argue that
- Page 66 and 67:
Why Did NATO Keep
- Page 68 and 69:
France were equipped with nuclear w
- Page 70 and 71:
slowly changing deterrence ethos wa
- Page 72 and 73:
through widespread protests, openly
- Page 74 and 75:
although it decided that the remain
- Page 76 and 77:
e concealed by the regular annual <
- Page 78 and 79:
However, concerned by the post-Viet
- Page 80 and 81:
ously create a public and</
- Page 82 and 83:
ers have repeatedly reemphasized th
- Page 84 and 85:
judged to generate (but which may n
- Page 86 and 87:
5. “The position we have reached
- Page 88 and 89:
24. Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructe
- Page 90 and 91:
49. Catherine McArdle Kelleher, “
- Page 92 and 93:
76. Joseph F. Pilat and</st
- Page 94 and 95:
100. Corroborated by Catherine Kell
- Page 96 and 97:
CHAPTER 3 U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS POLI
- Page 98 and 99:
the North Atlantic Treaty Organizat
- Page 100 and 101:
delivery exercised a dominant influ
- Page 102 and 103:
conventional strength. 14 In the Pa
- Page 104 and 105:
the capability to employ such weapo
- Page 106 and 107:
ground-launched short-range nuclear
- Page 108 and 109:
curity policy in Asia, and<
- Page 110 and 111:
lies. 31 At the strategic a
- Page 112 and 113:
mediate postwar period. Washington
- Page 114 and 115:
ons throughout the Cold War <strong
- Page 116 and 117:
These shifts are the products both
- Page 118 and 119:
power and the prol
- Page 120 and 121:
7. Robert S. Norris et al., “Wher
- Page 122 and 123:
frey A. Larsen and
- Page 124 and 125:
near Central Europe and</st
- Page 126:
47. Available from armedservices.ho
- Page 130 and 131:
CHAPTER 4 RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVES ON T
- Page 132 and 133:
Russian Navy would be particularly
- Page 134 and 135:
ers to produce income from Russian
- Page 136 and 137:
3. These are the results of polls o
- Page 138 and 139:
TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THE FE
- Page 140 and 141:
Russia’s anticipated spending of
- Page 142 and 143:
arms race was on, and</stro
- Page 144 and 145:
heads; and improve
- Page 146 and 147:
national security strategy. Current
- Page 148 and 149:
On April 23, 1999, Viktor Nikolaevi
- Page 150 and 151:
First of all, the word “obligatio
- Page 152 and 153:
By 2004, a young scholar, Aleksei F
- Page 154 and 155:
time, it seems to believe that, in
- Page 156 and 157:
ence as the chief factor that limit
- Page 158 and 159:
their modernization as a response.
- Page 160 and 161:
in areas affecting Russian national
- Page 162 and 163:
armed struggle at sea for the perio
- Page 164 and 165:
centric warfare. Citing both Chines
- Page 166 and 167:
tation to maintain security <strong
- Page 168 and 169:
PROSPECTS FOR A U.S.-RUSSIAN TREATY
- Page 170 and 171:
uild a missile defense system in so
- Page 172 and 173:
10. “Ktokhitree: Mir vstupil v er
- Page 174 and 175:
36. Sergei Karaganov “Global Zero
- Page 176 and 177:
CHAPTER 6 ASPECTS OF THE CURRENT RU
- Page 178 and 179:
NATO countries. Du
- Page 180 and 181:
allistic missile defense (BMD), <st
- Page 182 and 183:
Meanwhile, the factor of China (wit
- Page 184 and 185:
Today, in fact, only the nuclear um
- Page 186 and 187:
By the same logic, preventing a pot
- Page 188 and 189:
diminishes still further Russian in
- Page 190 and 191:
1989 —April 12 SHORT-RANGE NUCLEA
- Page 192 and 193:
where Russian interest is higher th
- Page 194 and 195:
6. Kozin, “Five obstacles.” 7.
- Page 196 and 197:
CHAPTER 7 INFLUENCES ON RUSSIAN POL
- Page 198 and 199:
general and its ow
- Page 200 and 201:
are show of unanimity from nearly a
- Page 202 and 203:
ally; it is just that others are ac
- Page 204 and 205:
to direct Russian toward multilater
- Page 206 and 207:
armor, like T-62 tanks and<
- Page 208 and 209:
Reducing Non-Strategic Nucl
- Page 210 and 211:
The Russian inventory has been redu
- Page 212 and 213:
Under present conditions, the range
- Page 214 and 215:
Ws should be multilateral, with the
- Page 216 and 217:
continue the practice of conducting
- Page 218 and 219:
the General Staff Nikolai Makarov o
- Page 220 and 221:
CHAPTER 8 RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVES ON N
- Page 222 and 223:
Yet these concerns are most likely
- Page 224 and 225:
Bush and Mikhail G
- Page 226 and 227: anyone’s guess. As mentioned abov
- Page 228 and 229: STRATEGY Russian NSNWs attracted in
- Page 230 and 231: lored damage” (zadannyi ushcherb)
- Page 232 and 233: intrigue pertaining to nuclear weap
- Page 234 and 235: eaching political, military, <stron
- Page 236 and 237: Inertia. The longer this position i
- Page 238 and 239: In a similar vein, the Foreign Mini
- Page 240 and 241: THE RUSSIAN NSNW POSITION: LIMITS A
- Page 242 and 243: tated to what it calls an “integr
- Page 244 and 245: ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 8 1. “Zayavlen
- Page 246 and 247: 13. The 12th Main Department of the
- Page 248: PART III EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES 227
- Page 251 and 252: ope is illustrative of a more funda
- Page 253 and 254: maintaining these weapons or their
- Page 256 and 257: CHAPTER 10 THE ROLE AND PLACE OF TA
- Page 258 and 259: positions, preoccupations,
- Page 260 and 261: cohesion and solid
- Page 262 and 263: ferred to by the now familiar term
- Page 264 and 265: The second track is an effort to de
- Page 266 and 267: The United States. The traditional
- Page 268 and 269: the nuclear discussions apply only
- Page 270 and 271: supported by other members. However
- Page 272 and 273: cerning its nuclear posture. On the
- Page 274 and 275: tial expert on the dangers of nucle
- Page 278 and 279: CHAPTER 11 EUROPEAN AND GERMAN PERS
- Page 280 and 281: “consider steps to ensure the tra
- Page 282 and 283: In its 2010 Nuclear</strong
- Page 284 and 285: from an estimated 22,000 to some 2,
- Page 286 and 287: a buildup of forces in China; <stro
- Page 288 and 289: These contributions reflect the deb
- Page 290 and 291: nuclear-sharing program. This is vi
- Page 292 and 293: leaving a trail of confusion as to
- Page 294 and 295: of special concern to Russia <stron
- Page 296 and 297: permanent members of the United Nat
- Page 298 and 299: 18. Helmut Schmidt, Richard von Wei
- Page 300 and 301: CHAPTER 12 EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES Pa
- Page 302 and 303: suited to countering the main inter
- Page 304 and 305: ventional alternatives are operatio
- Page 306 and 307: legal issue, it is a political one:
- Page 308 and 309: U.S. commitment to the defense of E
- Page 310 and 311: ceived as subordinate to the more r
- Page 312 and 313: If the wider concerns of those coun
- Page 314 and 315: gram is seen with growing apprehens
- Page 316 and 317: as an essential element of its secu
- Page 318 and 319: and militarily wea
- Page 320: “not to use or threaten to use nu
- Page 323 and 324: While the populace in most European
- Page 325 and 326: tion approach to a missile defense
- Page 327 and 328:
to nuclear threats emerging from th
- Page 329 and 330:
What it further highlighted is the
- Page 331 and 332:
stance on nuclear weapons use seems
- Page 333 and 334:
the potential value of British weap
- Page 335 and 336:
argue that there was no serious deb
- Page 337 and 338:
level of commitment among N
- Page 339 and 340:
Of course, the evolving European po
- Page 341 and 342:
ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 13 1. The author
- Page 344 and 345:
CHAPTER 14 AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES ON
- Page 346 and 347:
y U.S. nuclear weapons in Europe. L
- Page 348 and 349:
CHAPTER 15 THE ROLE OF NON-STRATEGI
- Page 350 and 351:
has rested upon their operational v
- Page 352 and 353:
ons for their ostensible military v
- Page 354 and 355:
In Asia, the United States has long
- Page 356 and 357:
3. Maintaining strategic deterrence
- Page 358 and 359:
• Continue and,
- Page 360 and 361:
pursuing strategic dialogues with i
- Page 362 and 363:
open sources, there are currently s
- Page 364 and 365:
as a link among the NATO</s
- Page 366 and 367:
few more years, but with the ultima
- Page 368 and 369:
Government must ensure the continue
- Page 370 and 371:
States and the oth
- Page 372 and 373:
sure U.S. allies and</stron
- Page 374 and 375:
and Steven Pifer e
- Page 376 and 377:
and nuclear forces
- Page 378 and 379:
42. For representative arguments ab
- Page 380 and 381:
CHAPTER 16 NATO’
- Page 382 and 383:
contribute approximately 37,000 of
- Page 384 and 385:
with NATO (for exa
- Page 386 and 387:
time or offensive missions. A top F
- Page 388 and 389:
ingly precious funds on behalf of n
- Page 390 and 391:
their national interests so dictate
- Page 392 and 393:
whether the resources necessary to
- Page 394:
accounts of deployed American weapo
- Page 397 and 398:
While many disarmament advocates se
- Page 399 and 400:
nership, Russian military doctrine
- Page 401 and 402:
ar arsenal due to concerns over oth
- Page 403 and 404:
Gates also recognized, however, tha
- Page 405 and 406:
The United States Is the Only Major
- Page 407 and 408:
cussed above. Indeed, the very conc
- Page 409 and 410:
emoving European-based U.S. nuclear
- Page 411 and 412:
At the November 2010 Lisbon summit,
- Page 413 and 414:
in their roles fulfilling high read
- Page 415 and 416:
of the last century; “There [can]
- Page 417 and 418:
with a posture that lowers the risk
- Page 419 and 420:
5. Thomas Grove, “Analysis: Russi
- Page 421 and 422:
available from www.nato.int/cps/en/
- Page 424 and 425:
CHAPTER 18 TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS
- Page 426 and 427:
several fronts. However, the sheer
- Page 428 and 429:
sional context as the important foc
- Page 430:
exaggerated emphasis on security in
- Page 433 and 434:
ployed strategic warheads. The INF
- Page 435 and 436:
der programs of cooperation, the Be
- Page 437 and 438:
on its nuclear warheads in Europe <
- Page 439 and 440:
2011, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavro
- Page 441 and 442:
General Arms Control Considerations
- Page 443 and 444:
inspection regime—which neither s
- Page 445 and 446:
Poles remain wary of past suggestio
- Page 447 and 448:
negotiate. While some U.S. official
- Page 449 and 450:
tage, since the United States has n
- Page 451 and 452:
confirm that warheads were not remo
- Page 453 and 454:
conventional force cuts. In the Mut
- Page 455 and 456:
ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 19 1. The Russia
- Page 457 and 458:
18. See, for example, Pavel Podvig,
- Page 459 and 460:
ief overview of current themes of c
- Page 461 and 462:
It seems fair to observe that where
- Page 463 and 464:
turn out to be inconsistent with mi
- Page 465 and 466:
widely understood to rely on CFE de
- Page 467 and 468:
Mobility. Are modern forces suffici
- Page 469 and 470:
trations of forces led to the origi
- Page 471 and 472:
By the same token, an NSNW regime i
- Page 473 and 474:
of old arguments about “defense o
- Page 475 and 476:
deployment and for
- Page 477 and 478:
the previous rationale for deployme
- Page 479 and 480:
in its interest for NATO</s
- Page 481 and 482:
to develop, however, the form in wh
- Page 483 and 484:
atify a treaty that would place leg
- Page 485 and 486:
exercises near each other’s terri
- Page 487 and 488:
This suggests that, if Russian lead
- Page 489 and 490:
here may be as much as can be expec
- Page 491 and 492:
they to be combined with commitment
- Page 493 and 494:
Europe and East As
- Page 495 and 496:
ole in pushing for United Nations (
- Page 498 and 499:
CHAPTER 22 THE CONVENTIONAL AND NUC
- Page 500 and 501:
sequently ratified by the United St
- Page 502 and 503:
ison to the Soviet Union an
- Page 504 and 505:
on resolving the long dilemma over
- Page 506 and 507:
Treaty Limited Equipment Group Limi
- Page 508 and 509:
It was exacerbated by Russian milit
- Page 510 and 511:
phasized that the 1997 NATO
- Page 512 and 513:
In response, NATO
- Page 514 and 515:
“host nation consent” for stati
- Page 516 and 517:
participating parties at 29 (absent
- Page 518 and 519:
and security-build
- Page 520 and 521:
United States and
- Page 522 and 523:
a detailed discussion of the state
- Page 524:
30. Committee on International Secu
- Page 528 and 529:
CHAPTER 23 SUMMING UP AND ISSUES FO
- Page 530 and 531:
States and its all
- Page 532 and 533:
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS JAMES A. BLA
- Page 534 and 535:
DORN CRAWFORD, Lieutenant Colonel,
- Page 536 and 537:
transatlantic defense and</
- Page 538 and 539:
egional security developments relat