Tactical Nuclear Weapons and NATO.pdf - Program on Strategic ...

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open sources, there are currently some 500 B-61s in the U.S. inventory. 36 The United States uses several manned aircraft to deliver the B-61 to its target. The F-16C/D Falcon is a single-seat fighter that entered the U.S. inventory in 1979 <strong>and</strong> is widely used, flown in the <strong>NATO</strong> Alliance by the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s, Norway, Belgium, Turkey, <strong>and</strong> Pol<strong>and</strong>. The F-15E Eagle is even older, having first entered the inventory in 1974, although the two-seat E model fighter-bomber entered service life more recently. It is flown by the United States, Japan, <strong>and</strong> Israel. The F-35 Joint Strike Fighter is beginning to enter the inventory, with a DCA nuclear variant expected to be operational by 2018. A fifth-generation fighter, it is the designated replacement for the F-16. The F-35 Block IV will be nuclear-capable. Other DCA states planning to buy some variant of the stealthy F-35 include Italy, the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> Turkey. It is uncertain, however, if those versions will be of DCA design. Finally, the B-2 Spirit is a two-man strategic stealth bomber that can carry some models of the B-61, including the Model 11 earth penetrating version. The Congressional Research Service (CRS), citing unclassified reports, has stated that during the past decade the United States reduced the number of nuclear weapons deployed in Europe <strong>and</strong> the number of facilities that house those weapons. Reports indicate that the weapons were withdrawn from Greece, Great Britain, <strong>and</strong> Ramstein Air Base, Germany, between 2001 <strong>and</strong> 2005. 37 According to the CRS Report, “the United States now deploys 150-200 bombs at six bases in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> Turkey.” This number is a significant reduction from the 125 bases where U.S. tactical nuclear weapons were stored in Europe in the early 1980s, 38 nor are there 341
any U.S. NSNWs deployed or stored in any bases in the Pacific theater. This has been the case since the removal of U.S. nuclear weapons from South Korea in 1992, <strong>and</strong> was made permanent with the retirement of the TLAM-Ns beginning in 2010. 39 Finally, there are apparently no longer any reserve DCA forces based in the United States upon which the alliance can call. 40 In the future, the F-35 will presumably provide the United States with an expeditionary dual-capable vehicle in regional contingencies, but those plans are yet to be determined. THE ROLE OF NSNWs IN <strong>NATO</strong> POLICY AND ALLIANCE STRATEGY During the Cold War, America’s extended deterrence commitments were commonly equated with nuclear weapons. <strong>Nuclear</strong> weapons alone do not ensure the credibility of deterrence, but they may be indispensable to achieving that goal. The level of commitment <strong>and</strong> credibility required for extended deterrence to work has very little to do with how the United States feels about that commitment. It is the mind of the protected partner that must be assured of America’s commitment, <strong>and</strong> the mind of the potential adversary that must be similarly convinced of America’s capabilities, <strong>and</strong> will. Some analysts have questioned whether the United States needs to continue to deploy nuclear weapons in Europe. After all, they say, it has been 20 years since the collapse of the Warsaw Pact <strong>and</strong> demise of the Soviet Union; surely these weapons are no longer needed to ensure peace in a Europe whole <strong>and</strong> free. Yet official <strong>NATO</strong> policy still views NSNWs as a deterrent to any potential adversary, <strong>and</strong> they also serve 342
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***** Comments pertaining to this r
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6. Aspects of the Current Russian P
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21. Arms Control after START ......
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this incredible amount of destructi
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hundreds of U.S. weapons (a
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TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND <stron
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Security was an additional problem.
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embraced lessons learned from the 1
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I learned here of some of the deep
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CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT Ri
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as just another kind of military op
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it, the Allies were unlikely to agr
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• Assets for future arms control
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ments are dissimilar. Whereas Europ
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CHAPTER 2 TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS
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ombs in Europe as strategic weapons
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experiences of war, in a less moral
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Strangelovian image for NAT
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II. 1953-1963. U.S. STRATEGIC SUPER
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• For what political purposes mig
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widely heralded move to flexible re
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clear sentiment for the Alliance <s
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Nevertheless, Germany underst<stron
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first in order to break up his forc
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saw Pact lines to interdict strateg
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The Democratic People’s Republic
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given release authority by the Sovi
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III. 1963-1967. EMERGING DOUBTS CON
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esponse: without it, the Allies wer
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ous arms control groups argue that
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Why Did NATO Keep
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France were equipped with nuclear w
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slowly changing deterrence ethos wa
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through widespread protests, openly
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although it decided that the remain
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e concealed by the regular annual <
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However, concerned by the post-Viet
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ously create a public and</
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ers have repeatedly reemphasized th
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judged to generate (but which may n
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5. “The position we have reached
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24. Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructe
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49. Catherine McArdle Kelleher, “
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76. Joseph F. Pilat and</st
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100. Corroborated by Catherine Kell
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CHAPTER 3 U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS POLI
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the North Atlantic Treaty Organizat
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delivery exercised a dominant influ
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conventional strength. 14 In the Pa
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the capability to employ such weapo
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ground-launched short-range nuclear
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curity policy in Asia, and<
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lies. 31 At the strategic a
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mediate postwar period. Washington
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ons throughout the Cold War <strong
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These shifts are the products both
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power and the prol
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7. Robert S. Norris et al., “Wher
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frey A. Larsen and
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near Central Europe and</st
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47. Available from armedservices.ho
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CHAPTER 4 RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVES ON T
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Russian Navy would be particularly
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ers to produce income from Russian
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3. These are the results of polls o
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TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THE FE
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Russia’s anticipated spending of
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arms race was on, and</stro
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heads; and improve
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national security strategy. Current
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On April 23, 1999, Viktor Nikolaevi
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First of all, the word “obligatio
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By 2004, a young scholar, Aleksei F
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time, it seems to believe that, in
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ence as the chief factor that limit
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their modernization as a response.
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in areas affecting Russian national
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armed struggle at sea for the perio
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centric warfare. Citing both Chines
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tation to maintain security <strong
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PROSPECTS FOR A U.S.-RUSSIAN TREATY
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uild a missile defense system in so
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10. “Ktokhitree: Mir vstupil v er
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36. Sergei Karaganov “Global Zero
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CHAPTER 6 ASPECTS OF THE CURRENT RU
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NATO countries. Du
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allistic missile defense (BMD), <st
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Meanwhile, the factor of China (wit
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Today, in fact, only the nuclear um
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By the same logic, preventing a pot
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diminishes still further Russian in
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1989 —April 12 SHORT-RANGE NUCLEA
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where Russian interest is higher th
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6. Kozin, “Five obstacles.” 7.
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CHAPTER 7 INFLUENCES ON RUSSIAN POL
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general and its ow
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are show of unanimity from nearly a
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ally; it is just that others are ac
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to direct Russian toward multilater
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armor, like T-62 tanks and<
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Reducing Non-Strategic Nucl
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The Russian inventory has been redu
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Under present conditions, the range
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Ws should be multilateral, with the
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continue the practice of conducting
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the General Staff Nikolai Makarov o
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CHAPTER 8 RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVES ON N
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Yet these concerns are most likely
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Bush and Mikhail G
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anyone’s guess. As mentioned abov
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STRATEGY Russian NSNWs attracted in
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lored damage” (zadannyi ushcherb)
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intrigue pertaining to nuclear weap
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eaching political, military, <stron
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Inertia. The longer this position i
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In a similar vein, the Foreign Mini
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THE RUSSIAN NSNW POSITION: LIMITS A
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tated to what it calls an “integr
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 8 1. “Zayavlen
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13. The 12th Main Department of the
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PART III EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES 227
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ope is illustrative of a more funda
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maintaining these weapons or their
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CHAPTER 10 THE ROLE AND PLACE OF TA
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positions, preoccupations,
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cohesion and solid
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ferred to by the now familiar term
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The second track is an effort to de
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The United States. The traditional
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the nuclear discussions apply only
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supported by other members. However
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cerning its nuclear posture. On the
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tial expert on the dangers of nucle
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8. This is reminiscent of the posit
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a London or Paris perspective, thei
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One of the most important factors w
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mer Vice-Chairman of the Joint Chie
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Armed Service Air and</stro
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Nunn in 2007 and 2
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that the debate on a nuclear-free w
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modify the Alliance’s nuclear pos
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years. Signs of progress include th
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on a modified CFE regime an
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9. See Miles A. Pomper, William Pot
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Paper, No. 7, Washington, DC: Arms
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eventual elimination are considered
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In the post-bipolar international s
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levels of enthusiasm, most European
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DIFFERING THREAT ASSESSMENTS AND AL
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troops in 2008 and
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y arms control and
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into account the disparity between
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Furthermore, the United States <str
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table price human beings must pay t
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16. See www.tradereform.org/wp-cont
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PART V ARMS CONTROL AS AN OPTION 40
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ise as a vehicle for regulating <st
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arms control to address the perceiv
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posite discussion within the contex
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CHAPTER 19 ARMS CONTROL OPTIONS FOR
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U.S. AND RUSSIAN NON-STRATEGIC NUCL
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into the discussion is that it woul
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get missiles on NATO</stron
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ficials have announced a major 10-y
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the INF Treaty banned all INF missi
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Others have also suggested that tra
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ample of the latter, in 1991 Presid
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certain percentage, say 50 percent.
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heads. Nondeployed strategic warhea
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ily in Washington’s judgment, <st
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publican president is less clear at
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10. “Strategic Concept for the De
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CHAPTER 20 TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS
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Most of the attempted adaptation <s
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ight metric (and t
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weapons (NSNWs)? A look at the key
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other, has ever gained serious cons
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who occasionally address other thea
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most of the other parties. Russia
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security concerns and</stro
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objectives and out
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CHAPTER 21 ARMS CONTROL AFTER START
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withdrawal as part of a wider disen
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ience with the Anti-Ballistic Missi
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strengthening of first-strike stabi
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ons away from the territory of <str
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is the relationship between them th
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would have added credibility were i
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still making a substantial contribu
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tionship between transparency <stro
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NATO WILL SURVIVE
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As in the past, the most likely cau
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summit on the effective control of
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deployed to Europe to approximately
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NATO policymakers.
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One of the alliances, the Warsaw Pa
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Hungary, and Slova
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statement at the conclusion of the
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anti-ballistic missiles on Polish t
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Following the meeting of OSCE forei
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inform Russia of any significant ch
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are difficult to correlate complete
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West. President Obama noted such a
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ing agreements. It must also combin
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19. Ibid. 20. Lachowski, p. 5. 21.
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PART VI CONCLUSION 505
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that means. Today, this seems to be
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more prosaic level, the presence of
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fence and Foreign
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JEFFREY A. LARSEN is a Senior Scien
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GUY B. ROBERTS was until recently <
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U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE Major General
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