Tactical Nuclear Weapons and NATO.pdf - Program on Strategic ...

France were equipped with nuclear weapons. When
Norstad replied that to his very great regret, he could
not answer, de Gaulle responded icily, “That is the
last time . . . a responsible French leader will allow
such an answer to be made.” 84 His humiliation <strong>and</strong> anger
contributed to his 1966 decision to turn all foreign
forces out of France. 85 In 1962, the West Germans did
not even know how many U.S. nuclear weapons were
deployed on their soil, nor at the end of the year, when
atomic demolition munitions (ADMs) were furnished
to Europe, especially on the Central Front, were the
Germans told what the U.S. plans were for these
ground-burst weapons with their extremely high fallout
<strong>and</strong> contamination potential. 86
Thanks to necessary American tolerance of “an
impressive degree of anti-hegemonic behavior on
the part of its Allies,” 87 this situation changed markedly
over the next years. U.S. nuclear deployments
in peacetime were by 1987 “governed by a series of
closely held bilateral agreements, known as <strong>Program</strong>s
of Co-Operation,” between the United States <strong>and</strong> individual
Allied governments:
At the minimum . . . the agreements cover 3 areas: a
general statement on the exchange of classified information
about weapons; an agreement specifying the
numbers <strong>and</strong> types of warheads that the US will be earmarking
for the Allies forces; <strong>and</strong> the stockpile agreement
covering storage for national use in any other
storage on national soil for other <strong>NATO</strong> forces. All are
subject to scrutiny by the US Congress. In 1967, following
Flexible Response <strong>and</strong> French withdrawal, the
US agreed to provide an annual deployment report to
each host country. The Defense Minister of each country
is thus officially aware of the type, quantity, yield,
location, <strong>and</strong> appropriate <strong>and</strong> projected delivery systems
for weapons stored in national territory . . . also
general control <strong>and</strong> security procedures at each site. 88
47