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table price human beings must pay to live in the age of technology. Living with destructive technologies is our lot, the debt we bear in behalf of progress. They are, after all, the ultimate guardian of our safety. Foreign policy must be based on this reality; <strong>and</strong> the United States should work with its Allies <strong>and</strong> strategic partners on those achievable objectives that lower the risks of the spread of nuclear weapons <strong>and</strong> the possibility of nuclear weapons use. <strong>NATO</strong> is the world’s most successful <strong>and</strong> longestlived collective security organization. At the end of the day, I am optimistic that the Alliance will make the right <strong>and</strong> best choices in the difficult <strong>and</strong> challenging security <strong>and</strong> economic environment of today. As Bismarck allegedly observed, “If you like the law <strong>and</strong> sausage, you should see neither one of them being made.” 35 So too with <strong>NATO</strong>’s deterrence <strong>and</strong> defense posture. ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 17 1. The views expressed here are my own. 2 Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Monthly Press Conference, April 19, 2010. 3. See 1991 Alliance Strategic Concept, para. 39; 1999 Alliance Strategic Concept, para. 46; <strong>and</strong> the 2010 Strategic Concept for the Defense <strong>and</strong> Security of the Members of <strong>NATO</strong>, para. 19. See also the 2010 <strong>NATO</strong> Lisbon Summit Declaration, para. 30, available from www. nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_68828.htm?mode=pressrelease. 4. “World at Risk: Report of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation <strong>and</strong> Terrorism,” published December 3, 2008, available from www.cfr.org/terrorism/world-risk-reportcommission-prevention-wmd-proliferation-terrorism/p17910. 397
5. Thomas Grove, “Analysis: Russia feeds arms addiction as soft power fails,” October 11, 2011, available from www.reuters.com/ article/2011/10/11/us-russia-military-idUSTRE79A2CB20111011. 6. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<strong>and</strong>ers_behring_breivik. 7. Srinvas Laxman, “PM Singh Hints At Strengthening of India’s <strong>Nuclear</strong> Weaponization <strong>Program</strong>,” Asian Scientist, October 14, 2011, available from www.asianscientist.com/topnews/ indian-prime-minister-manmohan-singh-strengthen-nuclearweaponization-program-102011/. 8. U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, Hearing To Receive Testimony on the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter <strong>Program</strong> in Review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2012 <strong>and</strong> Future Years Defense <strong>Program</strong>, May 19, 2011, Washington, DC, available from armed-services.senate.gov/Transcripts/2011/05%20 May/11-43%20-%205-19-11.<strong>pdf</strong>. 9. Transcript of Defense Secretary Gates’s Speech on <strong>NATO</strong>’s Future, June 10, 2011, available from blogs.wsj.com/ washwire/2011/06/10/transcript-of-defense-secretary-gatess-speech-onnatos-future/. 10. Viola Gienger, “Obama Returns to Bush Plan for Cutting Troops,” Bloomber.com, January 5, 2012. 11. Anders Rasmussen, “The Atlantic Alliance in Austere Times” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2011. 12. David Rising <strong>and</strong> Desmond Butler, “US Military Forges Ahead with European Force Cuts,” San Francisco Examiner, May 21, 2011. 13. A copy of the letter is available from markey.house.gov/ press-release/oct-11-2011-super-committee-freeze-nukes-fund-future. 14. Ibid. 15. “Russia creates new mega-powerful ballistic missile,” August 9, 2011, Pravda, available from english.pravda.ru/russia/ economics/09-08-2011/118691-ballistic_missile_russia-0/. 398
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Visit our website for other free pu
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***** Comments pertaining to this r
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6. Aspects of the Current Russian P
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21. Arms Control after START ......
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this incredible amount of destructi
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hundreds of U.S. weapons (a
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TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND <stron
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Security was an additional problem.
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embraced lessons learned from the 1
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I learned here of some of the deep
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CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT Ri
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as just another kind of military op
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it, the Allies were unlikely to agr
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• Assets for future arms control
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ments are dissimilar. Whereas Europ
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CHAPTER 2 TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS
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ombs in Europe as strategic weapons
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experiences of war, in a less moral
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Strangelovian image for NAT
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II. 1953-1963. U.S. STRATEGIC SUPER
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• For what political purposes mig
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widely heralded move to flexible re
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clear sentiment for the Alliance <s
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Nevertheless, Germany underst<stron
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first in order to break up his forc
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saw Pact lines to interdict strateg
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The Democratic People’s Republic
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given release authority by the Sovi
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III. 1963-1967. EMERGING DOUBTS CON
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esponse: without it, the Allies wer
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ous arms control groups argue that
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Why Did NATO Keep
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France were equipped with nuclear w
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slowly changing deterrence ethos wa
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through widespread protests, openly
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although it decided that the remain
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e concealed by the regular annual <
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However, concerned by the post-Viet
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ously create a public and</
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ers have repeatedly reemphasized th
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judged to generate (but which may n
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5. “The position we have reached
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24. Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructe
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49. Catherine McArdle Kelleher, “
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76. Joseph F. Pilat and</st
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100. Corroborated by Catherine Kell
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CHAPTER 3 U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS POLI
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the North Atlantic Treaty Organizat
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delivery exercised a dominant influ
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conventional strength. 14 In the Pa
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the capability to employ such weapo
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ground-launched short-range nuclear
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curity policy in Asia, and<
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lies. 31 At the strategic a
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mediate postwar period. Washington
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ons throughout the Cold War <strong
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These shifts are the products both
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power and the prol
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7. Robert S. Norris et al., “Wher
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frey A. Larsen and
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near Central Europe and</st
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47. Available from armedservices.ho
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CHAPTER 4 RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVES ON T
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Russian Navy would be particularly
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ers to produce income from Russian
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3. These are the results of polls o
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TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THE FE
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Russia’s anticipated spending of
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arms race was on, and</stro
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heads; and improve
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national security strategy. Current
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On April 23, 1999, Viktor Nikolaevi
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First of all, the word “obligatio
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By 2004, a young scholar, Aleksei F
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time, it seems to believe that, in
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ence as the chief factor that limit
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their modernization as a response.
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in areas affecting Russian national
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armed struggle at sea for the perio
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centric warfare. Citing both Chines
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tation to maintain security <strong
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PROSPECTS FOR A U.S.-RUSSIAN TREATY
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uild a missile defense system in so
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10. “Ktokhitree: Mir vstupil v er
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36. Sergei Karaganov “Global Zero
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CHAPTER 6 ASPECTS OF THE CURRENT RU
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NATO countries. Du
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allistic missile defense (BMD), <st
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Meanwhile, the factor of China (wit
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Today, in fact, only the nuclear um
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By the same logic, preventing a pot
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diminishes still further Russian in
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1989 —April 12 SHORT-RANGE NUCLEA
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where Russian interest is higher th
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6. Kozin, “Five obstacles.” 7.
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CHAPTER 7 INFLUENCES ON RUSSIAN POL
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general and its ow
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are show of unanimity from nearly a
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ally; it is just that others are ac
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to direct Russian toward multilater
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armor, like T-62 tanks and<
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Reducing Non-Strategic Nucl
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The Russian inventory has been redu
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Under present conditions, the range
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Ws should be multilateral, with the
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continue the practice of conducting
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the General Staff Nikolai Makarov o
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CHAPTER 8 RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVES ON N
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Yet these concerns are most likely
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Bush and Mikhail G
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anyone’s guess. As mentioned abov
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STRATEGY Russian NSNWs attracted in
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lored damage” (zadannyi ushcherb)
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intrigue pertaining to nuclear weap
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eaching political, military, <stron
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Inertia. The longer this position i
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In a similar vein, the Foreign Mini
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THE RUSSIAN NSNW POSITION: LIMITS A
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tated to what it calls an “integr
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 8 1. “Zayavlen
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13. The 12th Main Department of the
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PART III EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES 227
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ope is illustrative of a more funda
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maintaining these weapons or their
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CHAPTER 10 THE ROLE AND PLACE OF TA
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positions, preoccupations,
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cohesion and solid
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ferred to by the now familiar term
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The second track is an effort to de
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The United States. The traditional
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the nuclear discussions apply only
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supported by other members. However
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cerning its nuclear posture. On the
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tial expert on the dangers of nucle
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8. This is reminiscent of the posit
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a London or Paris perspective, thei
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One of the most important factors w
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mer Vice-Chairman of the Joint Chie
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Armed Service Air and</stro
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Nunn in 2007 and 2
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that the debate on a nuclear-free w
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modify the Alliance’s nuclear pos
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years. Signs of progress include th
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on a modified CFE regime an
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9. See Miles A. Pomper, William Pot
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Paper, No. 7, Washington, DC: Arms
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eventual elimination are considered
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In the post-bipolar international s
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levels of enthusiasm, most European
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DIFFERING THREAT ASSESSMENTS AND AL
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troops in 2008 and
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that NATO as a who
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distinction between tactical <stron
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12. Author’s interview with a sen
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19. NATO’s argum
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31. Valasek, p. 24. 32. Lukasz Kule
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CHAPTER 13 EUROPE, NATO</st
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not reached a clear consensus on wh
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In an environment in which there is
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ing of signals within the Alliance.
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NATO foreign minis
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mean that the strategic lan
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weapon holdings did not exceed 225
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attitude to how nuclear weapons wil
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ghanistan will also help to determi
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German territory. On the other h<st
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PART IV AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES 321
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siles and aircraft
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ment of U.S. nuclear weapons in Eur
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that these weapons still have a rol
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with nuclear weapons, and</
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homeland. The trad
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However, if the United States were
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(estimated, to be 150-200) of U.S.
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er-projection capabilities, <strong
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ventional weapons. Unlike the perce
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any U.S. NSNWs deployed or stored i
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ganizational changes in recent year
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who occasionally address other thea
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most of the other parties. Russia
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security concerns and</stro
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objectives and out
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CHAPTER 21 ARMS CONTROL AFTER START
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withdrawal as part of a wider disen
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ience with the Anti-Ballistic Missi
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strengthening of first-strike stabi
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ons away from the territory of <str
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is the relationship between them th
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would have added credibility were i
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still making a substantial contribu
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tionship between transparency <stro
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NATO WILL SURVIVE
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As in the past, the most likely cau
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summit on the effective control of
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deployed to Europe to approximately
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NATO policymakers.
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One of the alliances, the Warsaw Pa
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Hungary, and Slova
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statement at the conclusion of the
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anti-ballistic missiles on Polish t
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Following the meeting of OSCE forei
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inform Russia of any significant ch
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are difficult to correlate complete
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West. President Obama noted such a
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ing agreements. It must also combin
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19. Ibid. 20. Lachowski, p. 5. 21.
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PART VI CONCLUSION 505
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that means. Today, this seems to be
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more prosaic level, the presence of
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fence and Foreign
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JEFFREY A. LARSEN is a Senior Scien
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GUY B. ROBERTS was until recently <
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U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE Major General
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