28th International Congress of Psychology August 8 ... - U-netSURF

3019.4 Orthography and the development of reading eye movements: The case of Chinese and
English, G. Feng, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
As children become proficient readers, their reading eye movements undergo substantial changes.
This study investigates whether the development is driven by general developmental changes or
experiences specific to reading. Chinese characters and English alphabetic orthographies provide a
good comparison for looking at how orthography affects the development of reading
eye-movements. Third-grade, fifth-grade, and undergraduate students who were native speakers of
English or Chinese were asked to read age-appropriate texts while their eye movements were
recorded. Results indicated that some aspects of the mechanism that controls reading eye
movement can be modified by reading experience, while others are relatively
orthography-independent.
3020 INVITED SYMPOSIUM
Attachment and Amae: Cultural perspective
Convener and Chair: S. Yamaguchi, Japan
3020.1 Hierarchy of love: "Love" from the parental side, O. Kitayama 1 , J. Izaki 2 , 1 Kyushu
University, Fukuoka City, Japan; 2 Hakuoh Women's Junior College, Japan
Children's Amae does not stand alone but the parents are usually expected to give something sweet
which the positionally lower children ask for. Parents' psychology corresponding to the
psychology of Amae is usually called "Amayakasu" which is nearly equivalent to spoiling. In our
experiment in Japan, we studied the mother's behavior by allowing them to decide how long they
would tolerate separation from their infants. The first item that was related to the time of
separation was, naturally, whether or not the mother had known the interviewer previously. We
then quote some sessions from our therapeutic works with Japanese neurotics who often complain
of their mothers’ having thought that they had been dependent.
3020.2 Amae, attachment, and cultural nationalism, P. Gjerde, University of California at Santa
Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA
This paper examines the recent debate about Doi’s (1973) notion of amae: the tendency to behave
self-indulgently, presuming some special relationship which exist (p. 29) and attachment. Many
Japanese social theorists consider amae as a key concept, on the psychological level, of
Nihonjinron: the discourse about the Japanese with emphasis on homogeneity, group-orientation,
and lack of individuality. The underlying theme is that Japanese culture is unique and that
attachment therefore must manifest itself differently in Japan than in other countries. The current
paper critically evaluates relations between cultural nationalism, amae, and attachment from the
perspective of modern cultural theory.
3020.3 Attachment and amae: New empirical findings, K. Behrens, University of California,
Berkeley, CA, USA
Although attachment and amae have been compared theoretically, there is a paucity of empirical
exploration in this area. This paper presents preliminary findings that Japanese mothers’
perceptions of their 6-year-olds’ amae behaviors may not be directly related to child’s attachment
555