28th International Congress of Psychology August 8 ... - U-netSURF

Contrary to existing theories, results from East Asian families, schools, and organizations reveal
the importance of belief in the acquisition of ability through effort, extrinsic motivation, social
support and relational bonds. When agency and culture are incorporated, results prove to be more
reliable, valid, and applicable.
4030 STATE-OF-THE-ART
Chair: Qi Dong, China
Emotion and emotional development: Present and future directions, Joseph Campos, University
of California at Berkeley, USA
In the past ten years, it has become clear that emotions cannot be identified either by responses or
by stimulus events alone. Rather, the defining principle for each and every emotion appears to be
appraisal. This concept represents a cognitive/motivational./relational approach to understanding
both the generation of emotions and the way they are manifested. In this presentation, the concept
of appraisal will be clarified, its cognitive aspect sharply differentiated from "reason" and
"rationality," and its methods clarified. From this conceptual framework, the presentation will go
on to project possible future directions of the study of appraisal from human infancy to aging.
4031 STATE-OF-THE-ART
Chair: Ype Poortinga, The Netherlands
A combined emic-etic approach to cross-cultural personality assessment: The case of the CPAI,
Fanny M. Cheung, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
Cross-cultural differences observed in test results question the suitability of direct applications of
Western personality measures. Imported Western tests also ignore personality constructs that are
important to local cultures. A combined emic-etic approach to cross-cultural personality test
development includes both universal personality domains and indigenous personality constructs.
In this address, I illustrate this approach with the development of the Chinese Personality
Assessment Inventory (CPAI). The inclusion of indigenous personality constructs in the CPAI
contributes to the explanation of behaviors beyond those predicted by universal constructs in the
Chinese culture. Studies using these indigenous scales in non-Chinese cultures have expanded our
understanding of the universal personality structure. The cross-cultural relevance of the
"indigenous" constructs also led us to examine the etic meaning of these constructs and to re-name
the CPAI as Cross-Cultural Personality Assessment Inventory.
4032 STATE-OF-THE-ART
Chair: Hsuan-Chih Chen, Hong Kong, China
Spontaneous speech: A 'timely' review, Kim Kirsner, Department of Psychology, University of
Western Australia, Australia
Despite early recognition that pause duration in spontaneous speech reflects conceptual, lexical,
syntactic and motor processes (Goldman-Eisler, 1968), the measure has received remarkably little
attention in recent years. This lack of interest relative to the de-contextualised laboratory-based
paradigms probably reflects the cost of measurement, the number of variables that influence pause
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