28th International Congress of Psychology August 8 ... - U-netSURF

expressions, but also indicated facial expressions different from Japanese adult as well as the basic
facial expressions. The existence of facial displays specific to Japanese children was suggested.
4028.27 Exploration on the research methods of indigenous psychology, Zhao Liu, Jilin
University, China
In the process of indigenization of psychology, it is abroadly concerned about what methods
should be adopted in the research. While the current methods showed their value, there is still not
a uniform paradigm in the indigenous psychology. In this regard, it should be problem-centred,
choose the methods adaptive to the problem and try to make innovations on the methods in the
research of indigenous psychology.
4028.28 Second language proficiency testing as a cultural process, Minako Yamada, The
University of the Air, Japan
Language testers construct second language (L2) proficiency tests with what they call
"culture-free" items in order to be fair to test takers from diverse cultural backgrounds. Applying
the concepts of sociocultural theory to language testing, this study argues against such practices,
and asserts that L2 proficiency is dynamic in nature. The analyses of data, collected from college
students in Japan and the U.S., show that both L2 learners and native speakers necessarily bring
their cultural resources into interactions; L2 learners' task performance itself is a cultural process,
intertwined with institutionally imposed ideology, such as idealized English learning.
4028.29 Continuity and Change of preschools: Meaning of preschool in three cultures, Mayumi
Karsawa 1 , Joseph Tobin 2 , Yeh Hsu 3 , 1 Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Japan; 2 Arizona
State University, USA; 3 University of Memphis, USA
Our new study, “Continuity and Change in Preschools of Three Cultures: Japan, China, and the
United States,” adds to the comparative perspective of the original study a historical perspective,
asking how and why preschools in each country have changed over the course of a generation. To
address those questions, we asked preschool teachers and pre-service students “what are the core
beliefs guiding early childhood education”. Then, we compared them between cultures and within
cultures. It shows us to understand how preschools are simultaneously agents of social change and
cultural preservation.
4028.30 What is optimistic bias?: We self-enhance toward what we think positive, Makiko
Yamagami, Ochanomizu University, Japan
Self-enhancement is one of the strongest motivation for human-being. People see themselves
above average on variety of traits, using idiosyncratic reasoning(Dunning, Meyerowitz, &
Holzberg, 1989). The purpose of this study is to replicate the result of Dunning et al. (1989) in
Japanese sample. 38 students were presented with the list of 20 traits(10 positive and 10 negative)
and indicated their standing among their colleague students. Consistent with the hypothesis, Ss
showed above average effect on positive and negative traits, respectively. Discussion centers on
the limited evidence of the self-enhancing tendency in Eastern samples and it’s possible causes.
4028.31 Does video matter more for long distance collaborators? Qiping Zhang 1 , Olson Gary
M. 2 , Judith S. Olson 2 , 1 Drexel University, USA; 2 University of Michigan, USA
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