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Numerical Mathematics - A Collection of Solved Problems

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PROBLEM NAJBOLJIH APROKSIMACIJA 231numeričkim postupcima vrlo često se koriste sledeće aproksimacije za erf (x), kadax ∈ [0, +∞):a) erf (x) = 1 − `a 1 t + a 2 t 2 + a 3 t 3´e −x2 + ε 1 (x),gde su t = 1/(1 + px), p = 0.47047,a 1 = 0.3480242, a 2 = −0.0958798, a 3 = 0.7478556,pri čemu je |ε 1 (x)| ≤ 2.5 · 10 −5 ;b) erf (x) = 1 − `b 1 t + b 2 t 2 + b 3 t 3 + b 4 t 4 + b 5 t 5´e −x2 + ε 2 (x),gde su t = 1/(1 + px), p = 0.3275911,b 1 = 0.254829592, b 2 = −0.284496736, b 3 = 1.421413741,b 4 = −1.453152027, b 5 = 1.061405429,pri čemu je |ε 2 (x)| ≤ 1.5 · 10 −7 .Literatura:C. Hastings, Jr.: Approximations for digital computers. Princeton Univ. Press,Princeton, N.J., 1955.M. Abramovitz, I.A. Stegun: Hanbook <strong>of</strong> mathematical functions with formulas,graphs and mathematical tables. Dover Publications, New York, 1972.6.2.12. Polazeći od bazisa { 1,x,x 2} , primenom Gram-Schmidtovog postupkaortogonalizacije, konstruisati sistem polinoma {Φ 0 ,Φ 1 ,Φ 2 } ortogonalnihna segmentu [0,1].Koristeći se dobijenim ortogonalnim bazisom, funkciju x ↦→ f(x) = x 4aproksimirati polinomom drugog stepena u prostoru L 2 (0,1).Rešenje. U prostoru L 2 (0,1) definišimo skalarni proizvod pomoću(f, g) =Z 10f(x)g(x)dx (f, g ∈ L 2 (0,1)).Polazeći od bazisa ˘1, x, x 2¯, Gram-Schmidtovim postupkom ortogonalizacije(videti [1, str. 90–91]) nalazimo redomΦ 0 (x) = 1 ,Φ 1 (x) = x − (x,Φ 0)(Φ 0 ,Φ 0 ) Φ 0 = x − 1 2 ,`x2 ,Φ 0´ `x2 ,Φ 1´Φ 2 (x) = x 2 −(Φ 0 , Φ 0 ) Φ 0 −(Φ 1 , Φ 1 ) Φ 1 = x 2 − x + 1 6 .

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