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Numerical Mathematics - A Collection of Solved Problems

Numerical Mathematics - A Collection of Solved Problems

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VII G L A V ANumeričko diferenciranjei numerička integracija7.1. Numeričko diferenciranje7.1.1. Neka je funkcija x ↦→ f(x) dovoljan broj puta neprekidno-diferencijabilnai neka su date njene vrednosti f i ≡ f(x i ) u ekvidistantnim tačkamax i = x 0 + ih (i = −1,0,1), h = const. Dokazati da važe formule:f ′ (x 0 ) = f 1 − f 0hf ′ (x 0 ) = f 0 − f −1hf ′ (x 0 ) = f 1 − f −12hf ′′ (x 0 ) = f 1 − 2f 0 + f −1h 2+ O(h) = f 1 − f 0h+ O(h) = f 0 − f −1h+ O(h 2 ) = f 1 − f −12h− 1 2 f ′′ (x 0 )h + O(h 2 ),+ 1 2 f ′′ (x 0 )h + O(h 2 ),− 1 6 f ′′′ (x 0 )h 2 + O(h 4 ),+ O(h 2 ) = f 1 − 2f 0 + f −1h 2 − 1 12 f(4) (x 0 )h 2 + O(h 4 ).Rešenje. Polazeći od Taylorovih razvojaf 1 ≡ f(x 0 + h) = f(x 0 ) + 1 1! f ′ (x 0 )h + 1 2! f ′′ (x 0 )h 2 + 1 3! f ′′′ (x 0 )h 3 + · · · ,f −1 ≡ f(x 0 − h) = f(x 0 ) − 1 1! f ′ (x 0 )h + 1 2! f ′′ (x 0 )h 2 − 1 3! f ′′′ (x 0 )h 3 + · · · ,lako dokazujemo prethodne formule koje se često koriste za aproksimaciju prvog idrugog izvoda funkcije. Tako, na primer, imam<strong>of</strong> ′ (x 0 ) ∼ = f 1 − f −1, f ′′ (x 0 )2h∼ = f 1 − 2f 0 + f −1h 2pri čemu činimo grešku koja je beskonačno mala veličina istog reda kao i h 2 kadah → 0, tj. O(h 2 ).

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