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teachers for Rüshdiye schools. All 32 students joined the entry exam were successful and 20 of them<br />

graduated at the end of the 1872‐1873 academic year 16 .<br />

In conclusion, in the early Tanzimat period, the strong willingness and initiatives of the Sultan and<br />

his reformist governments definitely played a significant role in women’s education in 1840’s.<br />

Subsequent developments showed that restructuring the public education and formal schooling<br />

became a state policy. The governments had to tackle much more difficult task, girls’ education, and<br />

they were determined to successfully achieve it. It is because of this determination and support, as<br />

well as girls ultimate will to learn and improve their status in society led all these collective women<br />

movements in the late Ottoman history.<br />

Keywords: Tanzimat, Girls’ education, Ministry of education, Female activists, Women journals<br />

Assistant Prof. Vehbi Baysan<br />

Yeditepe University<br />

Department of History<br />

Vbaysan@yeditepe.edu.tr<br />

Notes<br />

1<br />

http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/7e98a2c8‐00cd‐11e0‐aa29‐00144feab49a.html<br />

2<br />

Babıali Evrak Odası, A. MKT., 24/87, dated 9 Cemaziyülahir 1261 A.H. (15 June 1845).<br />

3<br />

Takvim‐i Vekayi, No. 303, dated Receb 1262 A.H. (21 July 1846); the document is quoted by<br />

Cevad, pp. 30‐3, by Reşat Özalp, Milli Eğitimle İlgili Mevzuat (1857‐1923) (Istanbul, 1982), pp. 3‐5<br />

and by F. R. Unat, Türkiye Eğitim Sisteminin Gelişmesine Tarihi Bir Bakış (Ankara, 1964), pp. 90‐1.<br />

4<br />

Tiğinçe Oktar, Osmanlı Toplumunda Kadının Çalışma Yaşamı (Istanbul, 1998), pp. 32‐3.<br />

5<br />

Oktar, p. 34; Ergin, p. 449.<br />

6<br />

Oktar, p. 34.<br />

7<br />

Ubicini, pp. 194‐5.<br />

8<br />

Kemal Efendi was the Director of Public Schools and Founder of the Darulmaarif.<br />

9<br />

Ebüzziya Tevfik, Mecmua‐i Abuzziya, No. 120 quoted by Cevad, p. 43.<br />

10<br />

Takvim‐i Vekayi, No. 649, dated 26 Zilhicce 1278 A.H. (24 June 1862); Cevad, pp. 74‐5.<br />

11<br />

Oktar, p. 40.<br />

12<br />

Cevad, p. 101.<br />

13<br />

Cevad, p. 115; Ergin, pp. 668‐85.<br />

14<br />

See Table 19 and Table 20 for Darülmuallimat’s curriculum.<br />

15<br />

Ergin, pp. 671‐3 as quoted from the Takvim‐i Vekayi, No. 1217, dated 25 Muharrem 1287 A.H.<br />

(26 April 1870).<br />

16<br />

Şefika Kurnaz, Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete Kadınların Eğitimi (Ankara, date unknown), p. 7.<br />

Kaynaklar<br />

Cevad, Mahmud. Maarif‐i Umumiye Nezareti Tarihçe‐i Teskilat ve Icraati. Istanbul, 1338 A.H.<br />

[1920].<br />

Cevdet, Ahmed, Maruzat, Istanbul, 1980.<br />

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐, Tarih‐i Cevdet, volume 12. Istanbul, 1309 A.H. [1891‐92].<br />

Ergin, Osman, Istanbul Mektepleri ve Ilim, Terbiye ve San’at Müesseseleri Dolayisiyla Türkiye<br />

Maarif Tarihi, 5 Volumes, reprint. Istanbul, 1977.<br />

Kurnaz, Şefika. Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete Kadınların Eğitimi. Ankara, 1999.<br />

Oktar, Tiğinçe. Osmanlı Toplumunda Kadının Çalışma Yaşamı. Istanbul, 1998.<br />

Özalp, Reşat. Milli Eğitimle İlgili Mevzuat (1857‐1923). Istanbul, 1982.<br />

Pilehvarian, Nuran Kara. ‘Osmanli Devleti’nin Ilk Sivil Lisesi: Valide Mektebi/Darülmaarif<br />

1266/1850’, EJOS, IV (2001) (= M. Kiel, N. Landman & H. Theunissen (eds.), Proceedings of the<br />

11th International Congress of Turkish Art, Utrecht ‐ Netherlands, August 23‐28, 1999), No. 35,<br />

pp, 1‐15.<br />

Somel, Selçuk Aksin. The Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire 1839‐1908.

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