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La Narrativa de Henry Fielding y la Sociedad Inglesa del Siglo XVIII

La Narrativa de Henry Fielding y la Sociedad Inglesa del Siglo XVIII

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<strong>La</strong> <strong>Narrativa</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Henry</strong> <strong>Fielding</strong> y <strong>la</strong> <strong>Sociedad</strong> <strong>Inglesa</strong> <strong>de</strong>l <strong>Siglo</strong> <strong>XVIII</strong><br />

escritores que hab<strong>la</strong>n <strong>de</strong> estas leyes, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> Sir Josiah Child hasta Adam Smith,<br />

los criticaban 160 . Consi<strong>de</strong>raban que <strong>la</strong> existencia <strong>de</strong> una figura como <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> los<br />

oficiales <strong>de</strong> parroquia fue el resultado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> aplicación incorrecta <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s leyes.<br />

Según <strong>la</strong> teoría <strong>de</strong> Burn:<br />

“to keep an extraordinary look-out, to prevent persons coming to inhabit without<br />

certificates, and to fly to the justices to remove them; and if a man brings a certificate, then to<br />

caution all the inhabitants not to let him a farm of 10ú a year, and to take care to keep<br />

him out of all parish officers; to warn them, if they will hire servants, to hire them half<br />

yearly, or by the month or by the week, or by the day, rather than by any way that shall give<br />

them a settlement; or if they do hire them for a year, then to en<strong>de</strong>avour to pick a quarrel<br />

before the year’s end, and so to get rid of them.” 161<br />

<strong>La</strong> insatisfacción que estas leyes <strong>de</strong>spertaban, no procedía tanto <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

compasión y <strong>la</strong> pena por <strong>la</strong> situación límite en que ponían a los pobres, sino<br />

por el convencimiento <strong>de</strong> que su puesta en práctica resultaba muy onerosa y<br />

los resultados eran poco satisfactorios, e incluso iban en <strong>de</strong>trimento <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

industria o el comercio, o <strong>de</strong> ambos. <strong>La</strong> convicción general <strong>de</strong> que <strong>la</strong>s vidas <strong>de</strong><br />

los pobres <strong>de</strong>bían ser contro<strong>la</strong>das estrictamente por <strong>la</strong> ley no se cuestionó<br />

seriamente hasta bien entrado el siglo <strong>XVIII</strong> 162 . <strong>La</strong>s leyes <strong>de</strong> vagos y maleantes,<br />

aunque mucho más severas y restrictivas que <strong>la</strong>s anteriores, eran aprobadas por<br />

los mismos hombres que criticaban <strong>la</strong>s leyes <strong>de</strong> asentamiento.<br />

c) El texto legal que sirvió como base para que todas <strong>la</strong>s otras leyes<br />

<strong>de</strong> vagos y maleantes pudiesen ponerse en práctica, y que el propio <strong>Fielding</strong><br />

estaba <strong>de</strong>seoso <strong>de</strong> ver en funcionamiento, era <strong>la</strong> 39 Eliz.c. 4 (1597). Esta ley<br />

<strong>de</strong>finía <strong>la</strong>s categorías: <strong>de</strong>lincuentes (rogues), vagabundos (vagabonds), y mendigos<br />

robustos (sturdy beggars).<br />

160 Ver <strong>la</strong> obra <strong>de</strong> SIR JOSIAH CHILD A New Discurse of Tra<strong>de</strong> (a new edition, London, 1775), pp.81-<br />

83. Adam Smith <strong>de</strong>stacó que “it was often more difficult for a poor man to pass the artificial boundaries of a<br />

parish than the arm of the sea or a ridge of high mountain.” (The Wealth of Nations, ed. Edwin Cannan,<br />

reeditado en University Paperbacks, London, 1961, I, 157. Ver también, I, 127.)<br />

161 BURN, History of the Poor <strong>La</strong>ws, p. 211<br />

162 William Hay es una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s excepciones. Dice: “It has been the Opinion of many Authors, that this<br />

confining of Men to certain Habitations is a sort of Imprisonment; which is the more grievous, because it is not for any<br />

Fault, but for a Misfortune in being poor: Especially, when so little Care is taken to employ the Poor. And in<strong>de</strong>ed it<br />

seems to me, that every Man has a natural Right to resi<strong>de</strong> in any P<strong>la</strong>ce where he can best provi<strong>de</strong> for himself and<br />

Family in some Calling; and it is unreasonable to molest him, and abridge him of his Liberty (the chief Comfort of a<br />

poor Man) on a suggestion or Apprehension of his being likely to become chargeable.” en “Remarks on the <strong>La</strong>ws<br />

re<strong>la</strong>ting to the Poor” ...[primera edición 1735] en The Works of William Hay, London, 1794, pp.120-<br />

121. Citado en ZIRKER, p. 17.<br />

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